tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-18516240907909285732024-02-08T15:22:32.459+05:30radicalhumanistsAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12733864857487802245noreply@blogger.comBlogger13125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1851624090790928573.post-69582157491476800672014-07-23T13:09:00.000+05:302014-12-25T20:55:28.440+05:30An Appeal To All the world especially Secretary General of UN<div dir="ltr" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;">Four Princesses -</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;"> Sahar, Maha, Hala and Jawaher - are being kept <a href="http://voiceofrussia.com/2013_11_19/My-daughters-are-under-home-arrest-for-already-12-years-former-wife-of-King-of-Saudi-Arabia-1064/" target="_blank">under house arrest </a>in the palace outbuildings at Jeddah for 13 years. They had spoken to their father King Abdullah about the prevalent poverty,injustice and disrespect for human rights including to women in the Saudi Kingdom. Sahar and Jawaher living together are separated from their two other sisters. Until March 2014,they were permitted to go out once every two months under guard for shopping. But since mid-March 2014, as a consequence of their having complained to the foreign press of their situation, they are denied permission to go out at all. It is forbidden to bring them food or drink. Their supplies diminish, they are reduced to eating expired products and are on one meal a day. To drink, they distill sea water but that too is not enough for both of them, their two dogs and cat. Their health is deteriorating, but they have no access to medical assistance or any medication. If the situation continues, their fate is slow death.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;">We would like to remind the world that KSA is a part of the Human Rights body of UN. The appeals of their mother AlAnood AlFayez who lives now in London have <a href="http://www.gulfinstitute.org/ex-wfie-o-saudi-kingwhy-is-the-saudi-king-holding-his-daughters-hostage/" target="_blank">fallen on deaf ears</a>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;">We beg to all functionaries and heads of nations as well as UN officials and ambassadors to urgently take note of the pathetic situation and urge all human rights activists to do everything possible to force the king of Saudi Arabia to release his daughters!</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;">We would like to remind all lovers of Democracy that they have a duty to oblige the Government of Saudi Arabia to comply with international conventions it has ratified!</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">We expect immediate involvement. Please be fast!</span><br /> <br /><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> </span><br /><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Accept our respectful greetings. </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><i><b>Kindly sign the e - petition :</b></i></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-size: x-large;"> <a href="https://www.change.org/petitions/mr-ban-ki-moon-secretary-general-of-the-united-nations-free-the-four-daughters-of-alanoud-al-fayez-arbitrarily-imprisoned-in-saudi-arabia-and-whose-lives-are-in-danger"> Petition in English</a></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"> <a href="http://www.change.org/en-IN/petitions/libert%C3%A9-pour-les-quatre-filles-d-alanoud-alfayez-enferm%C3%A9es-arbitrairement-en-arabie-saoudite-et-en-danger-de-mort" target="_blank"> Petition in French</a></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"> <span style="background-color: white; color: #38761d;"> Join</span><span style="background-color: #ead1dc;"><a href="https://twitter.com/search?q=%23FreeThe4" target="_blank"> #FreeThe4 </a> </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: x-large;">Thanking you in advance.</span><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;">Please see the<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nV2-eA6KY34" target="_blank"> video </a>from 'Eye on Democracy'</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: red; color: white; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;">1. The Monarch is continuing with his ways of Human Rights abuses which are </span><a href="http://dulmajd.blogspot.in/2014/08/free-four-princesses.html" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-large;" target="_blank">shocking and devilish</a><span style="background-color: red; color: white; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;"> .</span><br />
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12733864857487802245noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1851624090790928573.post-57922815478778670992014-07-11T16:04:00.001+05:302014-12-26T21:01:10.185+05:30Join the campaign to Free Waleed Abu al-Khair<br />
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">It seems there is no end to <a href="http://globalvoicesonline.org/2014/07/14/7-cases-that-prove-online-activism-is-under-siege-in-saudi-arabia/" target="_blank">Human Rights abuses</a> in Saudi Arabia. <a href="http://brightskerala.blogspot.in/2013/11/quash-sentence-drop-charges-reform-or.html" target="_blank">Waleed Abul khair</a> is a Saudi Arabian lawyer. He is not only a human rights activist, but a specialist lawyer in that field. The fact that he is a defender of victims against Salafist clergy-sponsored and Shariah based violations of human rights perpetrated by the decadent bureaucracy and ruling dynasty is the sole reason behind the inadmissible and shocking abuses he has been subjected to. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">He was born in Jiddah in 1979. He founded the first Saudi Human Rights organization </span><span style="font-family: HelveticaNeue, Roboto, sans-serif; line-height: 22px;"><span style="font-size: large;">MHRSA registered in Canada in 2012. In 2007, the liberal activists released a petition demanding a constitutional monarchy by means of free elections in place of the present absolute monarchy. They were arrested in February 2007 accusing them of collecting funds for terrorism. Next year he organized a hunger strike for prisoners of conscience.<a href="http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/waleed-abulkhair-given-15-years-activism-who-influential-saudi-human-rights-lawyer-1455611" target="_blank"> <span id="goog_563108463"></span>(1)</a> <a href="https://www.blogger.com/"><span id="goog_563108464"></span></a></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: HelveticaNeue, Roboto, sans-serif; line-height: 22px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Saudi monarchy has a dirty history of repressing human rights activism. The Saudi Association for Civil and Political Rights (ACPRA) founded in 2009 was not given permission to function by the Ministry of Interior . Two founders of ACPRA were convicted for breach of allegiance to the monarchy and disobedience, undermining the security, inciting to disturb public order by calling for demonstrations, providing wrong information to foreigners etc. including creation of an unauthorized organization. </span></span><span style="font-family: HelveticaNeue, Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 22px;">In March 2013,</span><span style="font-family: HelveticaNeue, Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 22px;"> Abdullah al-Hamid was awarded 10 years' imprisonment and Muhammad al-Qahtani, 11 years'. They were also put under a travel ban. The court ordered dissolution of the Association, confiscation of its property and closure of its accounts on social networks. Abdul Rahman al-Hamid, Abdullah Hamid's brother was detained incommunicado for a month and then moved to the prison in Buraydah, qassim province and is being held there without charges </span><a href="http://www.amnistie.ca/simpliquer/actions/reseau-actions-urgentes/waleed-abu-al-khair-condamne-15-ans-prison" style="font-family: HelveticaNeue, Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 22px;" target="_blank">(2)</a><span style="font-family: HelveticaNeue, Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 22px;"> </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: HelveticaNeue, Roboto, sans-serif; line-height: 22px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Abul Khair had a role in the creation of several civic initiatives including <a href="http://dulmajd.blogspot.in/2013/11/driving-while-female.html" target="_blank">Women's driving campaign</a>. In 2011, he was named as one of the top 100 twitter activists with more than 40,000 followers by Forbes Middle east. Since 2010, his international reputation as a genuine representative of Arab human rights activists was viewed with jealousy and irritation by the authorities.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: HelveticaNeue, Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 22px;"><a href="http://radicalhumanists.wordpress.com/2013/12/27/the-threat-of-raaif-badawis-death-penalty-again/" target="_blank">Raif Badawi</a></span><span style="font-family: HelveticaNeue, Roboto, sans-serif; line-height: 22px;"><span style="font-size: large;"> is, by far, the most famous of Abul Khair's clients. Raif was convicted for having founded and managed the website "Free Saudi Liberals" and insulting Islam. <a href="http://www.amnistie.ca/simpliquer/actions/reseau-actions-urgentes/waleed-abu-al-khair-condamne-15-ans-prison" target="_blank">(3)</a></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: HelveticaNeue, Roboto, sans-serif; line-height: 22px;"><span style="font-size: large;">The trial of Fowzan al Harbi, the fourth founder member of ACPRA began on 4th December 2013. On June 25, 2014, the Riyadh criminal court sentenced him to seven years in prison along with a travel ban. ACPRA members Umar al-Sa' id and Abdul Kareem Al-Khudhr were also sentenced to prison. On 8th April, Abdul Azeez al-Ghamdi was detained. On April 17, the Special Criminal Court sentenced Fadhel Maki al-Manaf to 15 years in prison and a fine of 100,000 Saudi Riyals plus the travel ban. He has been reported to have suffered torture and other ill treatment in detention. <a href="http://www.amnistie.ca/simpliquer/actions/reseau-actions-urgentes/waleed-abu-al-khair-condamne-15-ans-prison" target="_blank">(4)</a></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: HelveticaNeue, Roboto, sans-serif; line-height: 22px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-family: HelveticaNeue, Roboto, sans-serif; line-height: 22px;"><span style="font-size: large;">The first trial of Waleed Abul Khair was in 2011 after signing the statement denouncing persecution of reformists. On October 29, 2013, he was sentenced to three months, imprisonment by the criminal court. On February 6, 2014, the Court of Appeal in Mekka confirmed the punishment.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: HelveticaNeue, Roboto, sans-serif; line-height: 22px;"><span style="font-size: large;">The Special Criminal Court in another case has now sentenced Waleed abul Khair to 15 years in prison,a fine of 200,000Riyals and a travel ban for a further period of 15 years subsequent to his completing the prison term.</span></span><span style="font-family: HelveticaNeue, Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 22px;">The trial relating to this began on October 6th,2013. He was arrested without explanation on April 15, and was put in solitary confinement in Al-Hair jail. It is alleged that he was exposed to bright light so as to deprive him of sleep. Then transferred to various detention centres, he is now in Briman prison, Jiddah. <a href="http://www.amnistie.ca/simpliquer/actions/reseau-actions-urgentes/waleed-abu-al-khair-condamne-15-ans-prison" target="_blank">(5)</a></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: HelveticaNeue, Roboto, sans-serif; line-height: 22px;"><span style="font-size: large;">We request all the humanists, secularists and other supporters of human rights to call upon the authorities of Saudi Arabia to free Waleed Abul Khair immediately. There is no justification for his detention. </span></span></blockquote>
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<span style="background-color: #999999; font-family: news-gothic-std, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 24px;">"The sentencing of a prominent Saudi Arabian lawyer and human rights defender to 15 years in prison has dealt a fresh blow to peaceful activism and freedom of expression in the Kingdom, said Amnesty International."</span></blockquote>
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He is being punished under the new anti-terrorism law.<a href="http://www.amnesty.org.nz/news/new-anti-terror-law-used-imprison-saudi-arabian-human-rights-activist" target="_blank">(6)</a></span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: #999999; font-family: news-gothic-std, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 24px;">"The Specialized Criminal Court is a security and counter-terrorism related court whose rules and procedures remain secret and which activists claim is under the direct control of the Interior Ministry. Ahead of his sentencing Waleed Abu al-Khair stated that he considered the court illegitimate and the judge to be biased and would refuse to defend himself in court. "</span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: HelveticaNeue, Roboto, sans-serif; line-height: 22px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Waleed Abul Khair is a prisoner of conscience. He has been exercising his freedom of expression, association and assembly peacefully. He has every right to do it.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: HelveticaNeue, Roboto, sans-serif; line-height: 22px;"><span style="font-size: large;">A monarchy which is nothing but an anachronism in 21st century is maintaining a judicial system which is a shame to the entire humanity. It is the responsibility of all lovers of democracy to pressurize <a href="http://dulmajd.blogspot.in/2013/12/it-is-time-for-other-countries-to-tell.html" target="_blank">all forces concerned</a> to take note of the pathetic condition in to which the top oil exporting country has fallen and to act ethically and responsibly in 'International Relations'.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: HelveticaNeue, Roboto, sans-serif; line-height: 22px;"><span style="font-size: large;">We request the international community to bring all possible pressure on the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and demand the unconditional release of Waleed Abul Khair and all other human rights activists immediately.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: HelveticaNeue, Roboto, sans-serif; line-height: 22px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-family: HelveticaNeue, Roboto, sans-serif; line-height: 22px;"><span style="font-size: large;"> Please use hash tag :<a href="https://twitter.com/search?f=realtime&q=%23FreeWaleed&src=typd" target="_blank"> #FreeWaleed</a></span></span> <span style="font-size: large;"> for Twitter and Facebook </span><span style="font-family: HelveticaNeue, Roboto, sans-serif; line-height: 22px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Additional Readings:</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">1.<a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/elham-manea/saudi-arabias-shallow-pro_b_5747786.html" target="_blank"> How the king bluffs</a></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">2.<a href="http://nimrodtwiceborn.com/2014/07/among-persecuted/" target="_blank"> Keeping masses ignorant</a> </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">The appeals court on September 1, 2014 has confirmed the brutal punishment of 1000 lashes and 10 years' prison together with fine and bans on Raif Badawi as per the sentence imposed by the earlier court on May 7,2014. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12733864857487802245noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1851624090790928573.post-14619215657274133052014-06-28T20:36:00.001+05:302014-07-09T01:33:49.534+05:30Join the campaign to #FreeMubarak<br />
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Mubarak Bala, a 29 year old Ex-Muslim Nigerian has been forced to undergo psychiatric treatment against his will by his father and other family members following his coming out as an atheist in a Shariah imposed Muslim state of Kano. </span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://nonprophetess.blogspot.in/2014/06/free-mubarak.html" target="_blank">This article</a> will give you an idea of what happened.</span></h3>
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Continued updated information is provided<a href="http://godlessmom.com/update-mubarak-bala-is-still-being-held-against-his-will-for-being-an-atheist/" target="_blank"> here</a>.</span></h4>
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<span style="color: #9fc5e8;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: large;"><b style="background-color: #cc0000;">To get information regarding </b></span></span></span><br />
<b style="background-color: #cc0000;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #9fc5e8;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace;"><br /></span></span></span></span></b>
<b style="background-color: #cc0000;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #9fc5e8;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace;">organizational </span></span></span><span style="color: #9fc5e8; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; line-height: 115%;">activities:</span></span></b><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;"><b> <a href="http://iheu.org/nigerian-man-detained-on-psychiatric-ward-for-atheism/" target="_blank">IHEU</a></b></span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: lime; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;">
</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #9fc5e8; font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 115%;"><b><br />
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 115%;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 115%;"></span></span><span style="background-color: #cc0000; font-size: large;">In order to make this campaign a success, you are </span></b></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #cc0000;"><span style="color: #9fc5e8;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span></span></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: #9fc5e8;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 115%;">requested </span></span><span style="color: #9fc5e8;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 115%;">to sign the petition below and share it in </span></span></b></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #cc0000;"><span style="color: #9fc5e8;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span></span></span>
<span style="color: #9fc5e8;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>social media:</b></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: yellow;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 115%;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: x-small; line-height: 115%;"></span></span></span></span>
<br />
<h1 class="h1 bottom-margin-2 embossed-text" style="border: 0px; font-family: 'Change Din', 'Change Siddhanta', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 36px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 41px; margin: 0px 0px 36px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px 1px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-color: yellow;"><br /></span></h1>
<h1 class="h1 bottom-margin-2 embossed-text" style="border: 0px; font-family: 'Change Din', 'Change Siddhanta', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 36px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 41px; margin: 0px 0px 36px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px 1px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="color: #274e13;"><a href="http://www.change.org/en-GB/petitions/mohammed-bello-adoke-free-mubarak-bala" target="_blank">Free Mubarak Bala</a></span></span></h1>
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: #38761d;"><br /></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #9fc5e8; font-size: large;"><b><span style="background-color: #cc0000;"><br /></span></b></span></span><br />
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: white; font-size: large;"><b><span style="background-color: #cc0000;">The twitter hash tag is: #freemubarak </span></b></span></span><br />
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #9fc5e8; font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></b></span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #9fc5e8; font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></b></span></span><br />
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="background-color: #6aa84f; color: yellow;"><br /></span></b></span></span>
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="background-color: #6aa84f; color: yellow;">Post Script:</span></b></span></span><br />
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #9fc5e8; font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></b></span></span>
<span style="background-color: #f4cccc;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: yellow; color: #38761d;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 115%;"><b>Mubarak is now free. Thanking all who joined the </b></span><b style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 115%;">campaign.</b></span><br />
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #9fc5e8; font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></b></span></span>
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #9fc5e8; font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></b></span></span>
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: large;"><b style="background-color: white;">Thank You.</b></span></span><br />
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #9fc5e8; font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></b></span></span>
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #9fc5e8; font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></b></span></span>
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #9fc5e8; font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></b></span></span>
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #9fc5e8; font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></b></span></span>
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #9fc5e8; font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></b></span></span>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12733864857487802245noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1851624090790928573.post-18341277766656148202014-04-19T14:53:00.001+05:302014-04-19T14:53:45.758+05:30Humanist Politics - 4<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">5. Elections and Rationalists</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1. (a) “Only when the monster
called the masses is decomposed into its component men and women, will an
atmosphere be created in which democratic practice becomes possible, in which
there can be established governments of the people and by the people. In such
an atmosphere, it will become possible to practice direct Democracy in smaller
social groups, because to make individuals self-reliant, they must be freed
from the feeling of being helpless cogs in the wheels of the gigantic machines
of modern states, which allow them no other function than to cast a vote once
in several years, and give them no idea of how governments function, so that
they cannot even effectively help their government, if they wanted to.” (1)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1. (b) “If you deal with men,
ultimately you can appeal to their reason and deal with their conscience. But
in the mass, men’s reason and conscience are also submerged and suspended.
Masses respond more easily to emotional appeals, because men merge into masses
on their lowest common denominator. The level of the politicians then adjusts
itself to this mentality. Elections do not ensure democracy but put a premium
on demagogy.”(2)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2. (a) “To ensure that elections
reflect an intelligent public opinion, there has to be an intelligent public
opinion first. Then only elections can become an instrument of democracy not
sprung on unprepared electorates in a concerted effort to sweep them off their
feet. Such an alternative approach to election begins with people in their
localities meeting in local or regional conferences for serious discussions,
not for public harangues, but for educative and enlightening propagation of
these ideas. Through such informal regular meetings an intelligent public
opinion is created. Having come to understand political questions and economic
problems for themselves, the people will see that they need not vote for this
or that party, leaving all judgment to them and relying on their promises, but
that they can judge independently and elect candidates of their own choice from
among themselves. These will be independent candidates; that is to say, they
will not depend for their election on any political party, and therefore they
can depend on their own conscience and be responsible to the people directly.
That will do away with the evils of party politics and the scramble for power
and its demagogy and corruption.” (3)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2. (b) “But once the precondition
is created, that every citizen and voter will have a minimum degree of
intelligent understanding and the ability to think and judge for himself, then
this helplessness and hopelessness of the individuals will disappear; they can
create local democracies of their own. The voters need no longer remain
scattered like isolated atoms. They can organize themselves on a local scale
into People’s Committees, and function as local republics, in which direct
democracy is possible. Then at the time of elections, these people will no
longer have to vote for anybody coming from outside; they will not only discuss
in their committees the merits of candidates
presented to them for taking or leaving, but nominate their own
candidates from among themselves. To create this condition is the most
important political activity.” (4)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3. (a) “For this work, we need not
wait for an election. We select one constituency. 20 or 25 people there will
come to feel the necessity of devising new forms of political practice, because
they are dissatisfied with the present state of affairs. They resolve to make
an experiment. They begin by creating the precondition for Democracy by
spreading education among the people. At a later stage, it should be possible
to call a number of local conferences in a constituency and elect delegates
from them to a conference of the entire constituency. And at the election time,
when all parties come and offer their candidates, the people’s committee may
decide to vote for none of those party candidates, but elect one from among
themselves as their candidate, and the people will vote for him. The person who
will be thus elected and go to the Parliament, will not be responsible to any
existing political party machinery. He will be and remain responsible to his
local Democracy, of which he himself is a part; he will be directly responsible
to the people who sent him to the Parliament; he will not have to act on the
behests and discipline of any extraneous
authority, and he will have to report to and inform his fellow- citizens in his
constituency about all his actions and the problems of the wider community, and
take his mandate from them alone in all matters and act accordingly to his best
ability and conscience.” (5)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3. (b) “This process may take a
long time. That is the common objection against it. But once we make the choice
and begin moving in the new direction, it is not really such a long way as it
appears to be. The precondition is to discard the traditional notion of human
nature, and to know that it is neither evil nor divine, but that man is
essentially rational; that, given the opportunity, every human being is capable
of thinking for himself, judging right and wrong, making judgments and acting
accordingly. Unless by his own nature, as a biological being, man was capable
of thinking rationally and behaving morally, it would be a vain dream to
visualize a free, just and harmonious social order. For the time being, it is
true that the common people are illiterate; they may not be able to govern
country. But at the same time, is it not a fact, that left to themselves, even
the most ignorant peasants can manage their affairs better than our present
government? The distrust for the ability of the common people to think for
themselves and take care of themselves is only a pretext for seizing power in
their name and abusing that power to suppress their liberty.” (6)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4. (a) “In the next elections we
may not yet get rid of the bad effects of party politics. But we may already
help in the appearance of a considerable number of independent candidates who
in the assemblies will not be subjected to the whip of the parties, whether in
power or in opposition, but who can raise the voice of the people inside the
parliaments.”(7)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4.
(b) “ Thus, while the big parties may fight for power among themselves, there
will be a few people to express the will of the people without reservations and
extraneous contingent considerations of fear or favor. Their voice, in its turn,
will quicken the consciousness of the people outside who follow the proceedings
in the assemblies. And what is more, after the elections, independent candidates,
who depend directly on the people of their locality for their election, cannot
forget their constituencies but must keep constantly in touch with them for
their mandate and support. Also those Humanists who have stimulated this
political awakening in the constituency will not leave the voters to relapse in
to apathy after elections, but constantly remind them of their rights and
responsibilities. They worked in their constituency not to be elected and then
go away to the centres of power, but they remain there with the sole function
of educating the people and helping them establish a democratic local republic.
In these local republics, it is possible to have direct democracy, and their
functions can be expanded as the citizens grow increasingly discriminating and
conscious. In them, power and sovereignty will remain in the hands of the
people themselves, and in this way the precondition for a government of the people
and by the people will be created. Because ultimately the nature of the basic
units will determine the structure of the whole State built upon them. A
democratic State in a large country is possible only on the basis of such small
organized local democracies which can remove the sense of helplessness of the
individual citizens, and through which alone individual voters can exercise
control over the State by means of an intelligent active public opinion. To
promote this is the most effective practice of New Humanism in the political
field.” (8)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">5.
(a) “Even if elections are by universal suffrage, and the executive is also
elected, democracy will still remain a formality. Delegation of power, even for
a limited period, stultifies democracy. Government for the people can never be
fully a Government of the people and by the people, and the people can have a
hand in the Government of the country only when the pyramidal structure of the State
will be raised on a foundation of organized local democracy. The primary
function of the latter will be to make individual citizens fully conscious of
their sovereign right and enable them to exercise the right intelligently. The
broad basis of the democratic state, coinciding with the entire society, will
be composed of a network of political schools, so to say. The right of recall
and referendum will enable organized local democracy to wield a direct and
effective control of the entire state machinery. They alone will have the right
to nominate candidates for election. Democracy will be placed above parties
representing collective egos. Individual men will have the chance of being
recognized. Party loyalty and party patronage or other forms of nepotism will
no longer eclipse intellectual independence, moral integrity and detached
wisdom.” (9)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">5.
(b) “Such an atmosphere will foster intellectual independence dedicated to the
cause of making human values triumph. That moral excellence alone can hold a
community together without sacrificing the individual on the altar of the
collective ego, be it the nation or the class. People possessed of that great
virtue will command the respect of an intelligent public, and be recognized as
the leaders of society automatically, so to say. Demagogy will be placed under
a heavy discount. Mechanical counting of heads will cease to be the criterion
of democracy. Democratic practice will not be reduced to periodical elections.”
(10)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">5.
(c) </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">“It
will be some time before reoriented democracy can be the master of the
situation. In the transition period, the Constitution should provide for
creative genius, intellectual detachment and moral integrity occupying a high
place in the state, so as to advise, guide and influence the operation of executive
power. In the transition period, democracy must be elective as well as
selective. Until the intellectual and moral level of the entire community is
raised considerably, election alone cannot possibly bring its best elements to
the forefront, and unless the available intellectual detachment and moral
integrity are brought to bear on the situation, democratic regimes cannot serve
the purpose of promoting freedom.” (11)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">6. (a) “At election times, all parties go to the
people and make promises; they all know that not half of their promises can be
fulfilled; but they rely on the fact that the voters cannot understand, and
therefore, can be duped. Can that state
of affairs not be changed? It can be. To change this state of affairs is the
first necessity, the biggest task for anybody who wishes to participate in
politics – not for selfish ends. One need not go to the people only to catch
their votes. To help them cast their votes intelligently would be an immensely more
important work. The electorate should be asked to examine the programmes of all
the parties, to see if the promises can be fulfilled or, if fulfilled will
really improve matters. But this new political practice presupposes a radical
change in the idea of human nature. It is an appeal to reason, which
presupposes the belief that man is a rational being. Political practice is
guided by the notion that the ordinary man cannot think for himself; therefore
he must be persuaded to follow parties and politicians. Since this unnatural
relation between the people, the parties and politicians constitutes the
foundation of what is called party politics, the latter prevents the people
even to think for themselves. Politics is not only a scramble for power, but competition
in all manner of questionable practices. (12)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">6. (b) “The position may appear to be a vicious
circle. But there is a way out, which party politicians would not take, because
that would mean the end of their days. Appeal to reason is the way out. And modern
science indicates the way. Science teaches that human nature is not to believe,
but to enquire, that human nature is rational. It is true that the rational
nature of man has been buried very deep.
But being the essence of human nature, it can be recovered. Let some
people have the conviction and the courage to act accordingly. Let them raise
political practice on the level of reason and intelligence. I have no doubt the
appeal to reason will find a response. The new politics will bear fruit sooner
than one dares imagine; only, the measure of success will not be power, but
gradual disappearance of that evil. Even a few people can lay down a solid foundation
of democracy and freedom, if they forgo the quest for power, do not participate
in the scramble; do not ask for the vote of the people to rule in their name;
but, on the contrary, remind the voters of their human dignity, capacity to
think and to act creatively.” (13)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">6. (c) “Thus the electorate will gradually become
critical and discriminating; the time will come when the voters of a locality
will tell the candidates of all parties to leave them alone; amongst themselves
they will find men in whom they can have confidence and who will remain
responsible to them between two elections. Once that happens, the end of the
party system will begin, and with the parties, the main cause for concentration
of power will disappear. In the process, we shall already have laid down the
foundation of a decentralized State of local republics, which will combine all
functions of the State as they affect the local life. National culture,
national economy and national political institutions will be cast on the
pattern of the functions of these local republics; power will remain with them,
to be wielded directly by the individual members of small communities. Being
thus reared upon a broad foundation of direct democracies, the State will be
really democratic. Usurpation of power will be out of the question. Thus, a
pluralistic modern society can be built up at the same time while doing away
with centralization of power, political and economic.” (14)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><b>Ref:</b><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></i></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 20.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">(1)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">P
59 :</span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Politics Power and Parties</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">, M.N. Roy</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">; </span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1981,</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
<b>Ajanta Publications(India),</b></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Jawahar
Nagar, Delhi - 110007.</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 20.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">(2)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">P
175 : ibid.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">(3) P 175:
ibid.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">(4) Pp 59, 60: ibid.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">(5) P 60: ibid.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">(6) P 185, ibid.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">(7) Pp 175,176: ibid. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">(8) P 176, ibid.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">(9) P 167<b>, New Orientation, M.N. Roy; 1982, </b></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ajanta Publications(India),</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Jawahar
Nagar, Delhi - 110007.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">(10)
ibid.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">(11)
Pp 167, 168: ibid.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">(12)
Pp 185, <b>Politics Power and Parties</b><b>,
M.N. Roy</b>; <b>1981,</b> <b>Ajanta Publications(India), Jawahar Nagar,
Delhi - 110007.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">(13)
P 186, ibid.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 20.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">(14)
P 187, ibid.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12733864857487802245noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1851624090790928573.post-86219782905979072732014-02-22T18:45:00.000+05:302014-02-22T18:45:35.585+05:30Humanist Politics - 3<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Humanist
Politics - 3<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<h3>
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">4. What we mean by Humanist Politics</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">?</span></b></h3>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: large;">1.“ Humanist politics may appear to be something
novel, because while politics has been qualified by a variety of adjectives,
these have never included the term “humanist”. The world has heard of
anarchist, democratic, conservative, revolutionary and liberal politics; there
has been nationalist, imperialist and socialist or communist politics, and it
might be asked what is the need of introducing yet another brand of politics in
this medley of political notions which has already created more than enough
confusion. The need arises from the fact that none of them seem capable to
solve the present crisis and to enable men to be freer and happier. The
necessity of humanist politics was born of the conviction that the crisis of the
modern world can be solved only by emphasizing the human element in public
affairs, or rather by giving the human individual a more prominent place in
political theory and practice. All sorts of forces, elements and factors are
considered as ends and means in politics, but it is often forgotten that there
is no purpose in all this unless it creates the welfare and happiness of men,
and that it is men alone who can bring it about, not impersonal forces and
factors.” (1)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: large;">2.“ Humanism as a social philosophy is concerned
with human behavior, with human relations. But a social philosophy, in order to
be convincing, must be integrated in to a complete system of thought, including
a cosmology and other branches of knowledge. This has its relevance to humanist
politics, and before making humanist politics plausible, the philosophical
background of Humanism had to be outlined to show how it leads upto this new
form of humanist politics.” (2)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: large;">3.“ The traditional Humanism could not explain how
and why man can be depended upon for behaving rationally and morally, that is,
a responsible citizen of a given society. Consequently, it came to be believed,
even by the best of Democrats, that though sovereignty indeed belongs to the
people, the people, composed as they are of men and women not sufficiently
educated, enlightened and qualified for administering public affairs, must
delegate their power to elected representatives, and hence democratic
government came to be known as representative government. “ (3)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: large;">4.“ It is not difficult to see the difference
between a democratic government and a representative government. Democracy has
been defined as government of the people, by the people, for the people. Of
that generally accepted definition, however, two-third has been silently
eliminated and in reality, democracy has come to be nothing more than at best
government for the people. A government of the people and by the people has
never yet existed anywhere in the world. The people do not govern; they simply
delegate their sovereign right to their representatives, and the
representatives govern; that is to say, the representatives meet in parliament,
the parliament forms a government, and both parliaments and governments tend to
become increasingly remote and independent of the theoretically sovereign
people.” (4)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: large;">5.“ Education for democracy is hardly found
anywhere. A certain degeneration of education in this sense is inevitable under
the formal parliamentary democratic system. That is in the nature of formal
parliamentary system of party politics. As soon as a party comes to power, it
naturally wants to remain and consolidates itself in power. There is plausible
reason for this: A party comes to power and forces a government with a
programme. Four or five years are not enough to implement that programme.
Therefore, the party must ensure another term in office. In order to guarantee
re-election in the next elections, automatically a party in power takes to the
practice of indoctrination and varying degrees of intellectual regimentation of
the people. Education under the formal parliamentary system is influenced by
parties in power and this is a kind of intellectual regimentation, which may be
almost imperceptible.“ (5)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: large;">6.“ The essence of parliamentary democracy is
believed to be the existence of opposition parties…………………………………….. In order to
come to power, the opposition party must be able to sway the majority of voters
away from the party at present in power……………………….. …………….Therefore, an
opposition party, which wants to succeed in the given atmosphere, has to appeal
to the same backwardness, the same ignorance, the same prejudices and blind
religious faith of the people as does the party in power. Thus, even the
opposition party will be no guarantee for democracy, indeed it is more likely
to reinforce and galvanize the very conditions which a truly democratic practice should tend to remove.” (6)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: large;">7.“ Humanists do not confine their concern with the
life of society to the small sector of human existence which is conventionally
called politics. But by their new approach, they indicate a way out of the
present crisis of politics and its problem.” (7)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: large;">8. “Until now political thinking has placed all
emphasis on the interests of the State. For the interest of the State
everything is justified. The constitution of a democratic State includes an
imposing catalogue of civil rights, but they all include also one clause which
entitles the executive to suspend the entire Constitution – if necessary, in
the interest of the State. That is to say, for the interest of the State, the
freedom of the constituent units of the State can be completely abolished.” (8)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: large;">9. “No freedom, no welfare, no progress or
prosperity can be actually experienced except by individuals. The concept of
national prosperity and greatness, of social progress, - which ignores that all
these blessings of a nation or society can be measured only by the progress,
prosperity, welfare and freedom of its individual constituents, - is a fraud and a delusion.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: large;">We are dealing with relations in which emphasis has
always been laid on one of the related things only: man has always been
relegated to the subsidiary position. In the relation between the State and the
individual, between man and society, everything else was always more important
than man. So also, when we think in terms of freedom and organization, we
remember that we must be free to organize and that organizations must be free
to do this or that, but we are apt to forget that organization has no sense and
purpose except to increase our freedom.” (9)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: large;">10. “Education for democracy does not consist in
teaching just reading and writing, but in making the people conscious of their
humanness, to make them conscious of their right to exist as human beings, in
decency and dignity. Education means to help them to think, to apply their
reason. That is to say, the new humanist political practice must begin as a
cultural movement. It must get out of the struggle for power of the political
parties. Even a humanist political party, to have to come to power would have
to join the scramble, would have to play the game according to its rules;
otherwise it would stand no chance at all. And if it refuses to play the game,
it is not a political party in the proper definition of the term.” (10)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: large;">11. “ Needless to say, a democracy cannot be
educated from today to tomorrow. But a beginning can be made here and now. For
example, if in the next elections there would be only two hundred people
throughout the country ready to practise
humanist politics, they could begin work in a dozen constituencies and there
begin the task of awakening the urge for freedom in the individuals and raise
the intellectual and cultural level of the people. These are after all not just
high- sounding phrase; they express themselves concretely in a change of
outlook and of their backward habits.” (11)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: large;">12. “ The scramble for power creates a vicious
circle. Maintaining that State power is now indispensable for social change,
humanist politics attacks the problem from the root, which is man. It states
that man is the basic unit of society. Therefore, a free society can have no
meaning except in the form of freedom of the individual human beings. In order
to achieve greater freedom, the conscious urge for freedom, the desire for a
democratic society, for a democratic way of life, must be awakened in a growing
number of individuals. Because any democratic change in society can be brought
about only by the basic individual constituents of society and unless these
have the conscious desire to bring about that change, it cannot be brought
about.” (12)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: large;">13. “ It might be argued by enthusiasts of social
change that that will take a very long time. That is not necessarily so. But
assuming that it will take a very long time, is there any alternative? And it
would have to be such an alternative as would bring about the kind of social
change that we want to bring about, namely greater freedom for the individual
constituents of society. Of course, those who still have faith in the
dictatorial alternatives will not see the force of this argument. But those who
have lost the faith that freedom can be attained by means of an even temporary denial of freedom, those
who are alarmed by the signs of growing regimentation and eclipse of the
individual everywhere, they have no other alternative. Humanist politics is the
only way before them.” (13)</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">References:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> P. 114:</span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
Politics Power and Parties</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">,
M.N. Roy</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">;
</span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1981,</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
<b>Ajanta Publications(India),</b></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Jawahar
Nagar, Delhi - 110007.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> P. 115: ibid.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> P. 116: Ibid.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> P. 116: Ibid.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> P. 118: ibid</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pp.
124 -125: ibid.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">7.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> P.119: ibid.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">8.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> P.120: ibid.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">9.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> P.121: ibid.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -18pt;">10.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; text-indent: -18pt;"> P.125: ibid.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">11.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> P.122: ibid.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">12.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> P.122: ibid.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">13.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> P.122: ibid.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12733864857487802245noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1851624090790928573.post-60686208235750441262014-02-22T18:36:00.000+05:302014-02-22T18:36:50.698+05:30Humanist Politics - 2<br />
<h2>
Humanist Politics - 2</h2>
<br />
<h2>
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: large;">3. The concept of an Ideal
State</span></span></b></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> 1.
“Political thought, ever since the days of
Plato has theorized about the Ideal State, - a political organization of
society in which the relations between man and man would be governed by
justice.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Throughout
the Antiquity and the Middle ages, political thought was dominated by abstract
notion which served either the harmless purpose of building utopias or the
sinister design of hiding the concrete realities of life. Plato was not quite
the utopian that he has been made out by many uncritical historians of
political philosophy. Nevertheless, his doctrine of the ideal state rested on a
postulate which still holds good. For him, justice was not a vague conception.
His definition of the notion of justice, which confounded thought throughout
ages, was bitterly criticized by his opponents, particularly the sophists. But
Plato did give a definition of the notion of justice, which set a concrete
ideal for politics. Justice is good life; to establish good life, therefore, is
the purpose of politics. In other words, an ideal state is that which
established good life.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">This
clear purpose of politics could be confused so long as life was divided in to
two compartments – spiritual and temporal. What appeared to be bad for the
temporal life, for life on this earth, was not the criterion of good life.
There was a life after – the spiritual life. The goodness of that life could
not be measured by the standards of the life on this earth. Bad life on this
earth could after all be the condition for a good life after. In other words,
the hope of a good life after, justified a miserable life on this earth.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Political
thought was developed in this direction by astute theologians in Europe as well
as in India. Thomas Acquinas was a landmark in the history of political
thought. He was a European by accident of birth. The political philosophy of
the ancients, which started not from Plato’s idealism, but from the dictum of
the Sophist Protagoras, that man is the measure of everything, was completely
overwhelmed by theological sophistries which subordinated human relations to
the metaphysical laws of a teleological moral order of the Universe.”(1)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListBulletCxSpFirst" style="margin: 30pt 0cm 12pt 18pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">2. “The store of cultural values, piled up since
the dawn of civilization, is far from being exhausted. That precious heritage of the
past provides a solid foundation for the magnificent structure of the future
dreamt alike by romanticists or revolutionaries, idealists or utopians. If the
germs of Socialism or Communism grew in the womb of the capitalist society,
then the inspiration for a truly liberating philosophy for the future should
also be found in the moral and spiritual values of the so-called bourgeois
culture. No Marxist could disagree, without belying the master. To be true to their
liberal tradition, the democratic Socialists should also find the ways and
means to enable individual citizens to stand out in sovereign dignity, which is
not attainable within the limits of formal parliamentarism based on atomized
electorates.” (2)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListBulletCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 30pt 0cm 12pt 18pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListBulletCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 30pt 0cm 12pt 18pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">3.
“Politics cannot be divorced from ethics without jeopardizing the cherished
ideal of freedom. It is a fallacy to hold that the end justifies the means. The
truth is that immoral means necessarily corrupt the end. This is an empirical
truth.” (3)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListBulletCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 30pt 0cm 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListBulletCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 30pt 0cm 12pt 18pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">4.
“Democratic practice which is no more than mere counting of heads is, in the
last analysis, also a homage to the collective ego. It allows scope neither for
the individual, nor for intelligence. Under the formal democratic system,
unscrupulous demagogues can always come to the top. Intelligence, Integrity,
wisdom, moral excellence, as a rule, count for nothing. Yet, unless the
purifying influence of these human values is brought to bear upon the political
organization of society, the democratic view of life cannot be realized.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListBulletCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 30pt 0cm 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListBulletCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 30pt 0cm 12pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">The contemporary world is not poor in men
and women incorporating those values of the humanist tradition. But disdaining
demagogy, they can never come to the helm of public affairs. On the other hand,
a dictatorial regime, even if established as the means to a laudable end,
discourages the rise of that type. Thus, between formal democracy and
dictatorship, humanity is deprived of the benefit of having its affairs
conducted by spiritually free individuals, and is consequently debarred from advancing
towards the goal of freedom.” (4)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListBulletCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 30pt 0cm 12pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListBulletCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 30pt 0cm 12pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">5. “Moral sanction, after all, is the
greatest sanction. It has been shown above that the real guarantee of
parliamentary democracy is not law, but the moral conscience of the majority in
power. In the last analysis, dictatorship also rests on a moral sanction; it
claims to be the means to an end. But group morality is a doubtful guarantee
against the temptation of power. Values operate through the behavior of
individuals. Therefore, government composed of spiritually free individuals,
accountable to their respective conscience, is the only possible guarantee for
securing the greatest good to the greatest number.”(5)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListBulletCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 30pt 0cm 12pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListBulletCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 30pt 0cm 12pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">6. “Even if elections are by universal
suffrage, and the executive is also elected, democracy will still remain a
formality. Delegation of power, even for a limited period, stultifies
democracy. Government for the people can never be fully a Government of the
people and by the people, and the people can have a hand in the Government of
the country only when the pyramidal structure of the State will be raised on a
foundation of organized local democracy. The primary function of the latter
will be to make individual citizens fully conscious of their sovereign right
and enable them to exercise the right intelligently. The broad basis of the
democratic State, coinciding with the entire society, will be composed of a
network of political schools, so to say. The right of recall and referendum
will enable organized local democracy to wield a direct and effective control
of the entire state machinery. They alone will have the right to nominate
candidates for election. Democracy will be placed above parties representing
collective egos. Individual men will have the chance of being recognized. Party
loyalty and party patronage or other forms of nepotism will no longer eclipse
intellectual independence, moral integrity and detached wisdom.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListBulletCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 30pt 0cm 12pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListBulletCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 30pt 0cm 12pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Such an atmosphere will foster
intellectual independence dedicated to the cause of making human values
triumph. That moral excellence alone can hold a community together without
sacrificing the individual on the altar of the collective ego, be it the nation
or the class. People possessed of that great virtue will command the respect of
an intelligent public, and be recognized as the leaders of society
automatically, so to say.” (6)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListBulletCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 30pt 0cm 12pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListBulletCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 30pt 0cm 12pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">7. “Until the intellectual and moral
level of the entire community is raised considerably, election alone cannot
possibly bring its best elements to the forefront, and unless the available
intellectual detachment and moral integrity are brought to bear on the
situation, democratic regimes cannot serve the purpose of promoting freedom.”(7)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListBulletCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 30pt 0cm 12pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListBulletCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 30pt 0cm 12pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListBulletCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 30pt 0cm 12pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">8. “Public life in the political field
is dominated by political parties. Their main object is to capture power,
because it is believed that nothing can be done except by governments in power.
If the best of programmes is ever to be realized, the first need is power. Once
it is taken for granted that capture of power, by whatever means, is the
precondition of any good to be achieved, and without power nothing can be done,
the logical conclusion is that anything and everything done for capturing
political power is justifiable. Once popular mentality is dominated by the
principle that anything done for a good end is right, morality disappears, and
that is the main evil in the public life of all countries in the world today.
All thinking people complain about this, and are looking for ways and means to
introduce decency and morality in public life. Morality has disappeared because
it is forgotten or ignored that only individuals can be moral. Morality is an
attribute of men and men have been lost in the masses. If you deal with men ,
ultimately you an appeal to their reason
and deal with their conscience. But in the mass, men’s reason and conscience
are also submerged and suspended. Masses respond more easily to emotional appeals,
because men merge in to masses on their lowest common denominator. The level of
the politicians then adjusts itself to this mentality. Elections do not ensure
democracy but put a premium on demagogy.” (8)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListBulletCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 30pt 0cm 12pt 30pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListBulletCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 30pt 0cm 12pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">9. “Although the problem of reconciling
the apparent contradiction of man and State has occupied political thought ever
since antiquity, the eclipse of the individual at the cost of growing emphasis
on the State, first under theocracy, later in monarchies, yet later in
parliamentary democracies, not to mention the modern dictatorships, is one of
the outstanding features of history. The 19<sup>th</sup> century held out hope
for the triumph of the individual. But the two concepts with which it was
heralded were defective. They were, parliamentarism in the political field, and
<i>laisser faire</i> in economics.
Parliamentary democracy formally recongnised the sovereignty of the individual,
but in practice deprived all but a privileged few of effective use of that
sovereignty. The sovereign individual became a legal fiction. For all practical
purposes, most individuals were deprived of all power and even of their dignity<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListBulletCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 30pt 0cm 12pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">In the economic field, the doctrine
of <i>laisser
faire</i> gave unbridled liberty to a small minority to exploit the vast
majority of the people everywhere. Free enterprise meant freedom of a few to
exploit many. That being the practical manifestation of 19<sup>th</sup> century
Radicalism – the political expression of which was Liberalism - it was bound to
be discredited and lead to a new period of crisis.” (9)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListBulletCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 30pt 0cm 12pt 30pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListBulletCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 30pt 0cm 12pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">10. “In the critical moment when this
perspective became obvious, Socialism appeared on the scene and seemed to hold
out the only hope for the majority of human beings. But Socialism frankly
places the collectivity above the individual. Now, if society originated in the
need of man to progress according to his inborn urge for freedom, with the help
of the collective efforts of others like him; if society was created as an
instrument to promote the progress of man as an individual, then Socialism or
any collectivism should be regarded as an antithesis of the entire history of
social evolution.” (10)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListBulletCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 30pt 0cm 12pt 30pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListBulletCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 30pt 0cm 12pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">11. “So long as Socialism continued in
the tradition of 19<sup>th</sup> century Liberalism, it attracted a large
number of adherents from among the best of men everywhere. But it could not
succeed anywhere. Ultimately, Socialism had to advance the concept of
dictatorship as antithesis to parliamentary democracy, if it was to have any
chance of succeeding. Parliamentary democracy had failed to achieve its ideals.
The experience of parliamentary democracy had in fact raised the question
whether democracy was possible at all.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListBulletCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 30pt 0cm 12pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">As people were losing hope in one form
of political organization, it was necessary to advance an alternative. The
alternative advanced to the disappointing form of parliamentary democracy was
dictatorship. Only after a certain section of socialists came forward with that
novel proposition, could Socialism gather strength. With that strength did it
finally capture power in one country, and to many open-minded people, it
appeared that the world had at last emerged from the crisis precipitated by the
failure and decline of 19<sup>th</sup> century Liberalism, and entered a new
chapter of human progress.” (11)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListBulletCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 30pt 0cm 12pt 30pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListBulletCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 30pt 0cm 12pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">12. “These collectivist ideas have had
yet another consequence. They have resulted in a certain mental attitude, a
habit of thinking, which completely disregards considerations of ethics, of
morality in social behavior. They have led to confusion about the relation of
means and end. On the one hand, an end is made of the means. On the other, any
means is believed to be good enough to achieve a desired end. For the last
hundred years, a growing section of mankind had come to believe that Socialism,
or Communism as it came to be called subsequently, is necessary for
establishing freedom and progress, and ultimately it came to be believed that
Socialism or Communism as such is the goal. But why should Socialism or
Communism be our goal? Presumably because we believe that under Socialism or
Communism we shall have greater freedom and happiness. Thus it is obvious that
Socialism or Communism is only an instrument, a means to an end, and not an end
in itself.” (12)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListBulletCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 30pt 0cm 12pt 30pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListBulletCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 30pt 0cm 12pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">13. “The political and social practice
of Liberalism having negativated the moral excellence of its philosophy,
parliamentary democracy was bound to be discredited. If that was not the case,
the stormy rise of Fascism could not be rationally explained. Fascism grew out
of the crisis of parliamentary democracy, within the limits of which the social
and economic problems confronting Europe in the inter-war period could not be
solved. In order to survive Fascism, democracy must outgrow the limitations of
formal parliamentarism based on an atomized and therefore helpless electorate.
An organized democracy, in a position to wield a standing control of the state
should be the political foundation of the new social order. By reorienting
itself in this direction, democratic Socialism will open up before the modern
progressive humanity a new vista of
political and economic reconstruction, which will neither postulate an
indefinite period of blood and tears, nor be clouded by doubts about the
alternative courses of peaceful development.”(13)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListBulletCxSpLast" style="margin: 30pt 0cm 12pt 30pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> References:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1.</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(Articles written by <b>M.N. Roy</b> for
the weekly journal, <b><i>Independent India</i></b>.),<b>1945. Acknowledgement: Essence of Royism, </b>compiled
by G.D. Parikh, Nav Jagrity Samaj Publication, 1987. <b>( Chapter:1. Problem of
Freedom,</b></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pp
- 32,33.)</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">.
</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pages – 163, 164: <b>New Orientation, M.N.Roy,</b>
Ajanta Publications (India), Jawahar Nagar, Delhi – 110 007<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3.
</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Page – 164: ibid<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4.
</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pp – 165, 166: ibid<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">5.</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Page – 166: ibid<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">6.</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
Page – 167:ibid<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> 7.</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
Page - 168: ibid <b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> 8.</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
Pp – 174, 175: <b>Politics power and Parties</b><b>, M.N. Roy</b>, Ajanta Publications(India), 1981.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <b>9.</b> Pages 19, 20: ibid<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <b>10.</b> Page - 20: ibid<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
<b>11.</b> Page - 21:ibid<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <b>12.</b> Pp - 22, 23:ibid<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <b>13.</b> Pp – 162,163: <b>New Orientation, M.N.Roy,</b>
ibid<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12733864857487802245noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1851624090790928573.post-65877484030700681722014-02-22T18:27:00.000+05:302014-09-19T23:25:25.129+05:30Humanist Politics - 1<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Kartika; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Kartika; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></b>
<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 27.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: large;"><b>Humanist Politics - 1</b></span></span><br />
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Kartika; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Kartika; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1. Radical
Humanist Democracy </span></b><br />
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Kartika; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></b>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><i>If we are to consider the powers and ideas that are at work in
countries like India, Pakistan, Bangladesh etc. it is easy to understand that
they are not stable democracies. The
present global scenario gives us some idea regarding the new wave of
Islamo-fascism taking root in Libya, Egypt, Tunisia, Turkey etc. They are
astonishingly successful either in capturing power or remaining as the dominant
threat to individual liberty from the democratic point of view. From the
Humanist, Rationalist, Skeptical and Atheistic perspectives, genuine democrats
are always marginalized individuals or communities in these countries. The
situation poses the grave problem of the role of humanists before, during and
after elections as also the ‘how’ of their work as agencies for change. It must
be possible for secular democrats to
create telling impact upon the political losers as well as winners , even while
their work is perhaps limited to the
cultural field . Radical Humanists have long back considered this aspect. The enquiries have led to the concept of ‘Partyless Democracy’ (ie., political activity
without parties )in which activists will go on working to create and spread
democratic values among the voters, continually pressurizing the political
groups and parties . Initially starting as study groups and discussion groups,
the initiatives can take the form of ‘Citizens for Democracy’ , ‘Peoples’
Committees’ etc.. These are not intended as bodies striving to capture power.
Though hoping for Radical changes, these groups won’t form political parties.
The terms ‘Winners’ and ‘Losers’ become unnecessary. The fact is that the work
of education for enlightenment is not a temporary make shift arrangement, but a
continued effort for creative development. This idea is sure to be dismissed at
the first instance itself by totalitarian forces. For them such endeavors are
scoffers, construed as counter revolutionary. However, historical experiences
have taught the human race very many things. The Radical Democratic idea put
forward by M N Roy deserves to be put to test in the unstable democracies. This necessitates a clear understanding of how
our notions of democracy and governance sprouted and developed and whether they
actually are concepts that satisfy the requirements connoted by their
definitions. The entire practice in the western world remains open before us
which can be critically assessed. Perhaps it is better not to re-phrase the original
ideas of Roy and his comrades in my own words. Hence, I am giving below the
relevant sections in Roy’s own words which I believe will contribute to the
clarification of related concepts.</i></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><i><br /></i></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></b></div>
<h4>
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 115%;">2. </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 115%;">Education for
an Ideal State</span></b></span></h4>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">“One of the oldest sages, Plato, attempted to visualize the
possibility of an ideal State. He was the first to formulate a democratic
theory based on the experience of the practice of direct Democracy in the Greek
City States. On the basis of that experience of the politics in the market
place of Periclean Athens, he came to the conclusion that Democracy presupposes
education. Even when democracies were composed only of a few thousand people,
voters could be misled, unless they were educated. This ancient wisdom is even
more true in our time. Those who are trying to give democracy a chance to be
practised must realize that without
education democracy is not possible.”
(1. P.58,)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">“But experience has proved
that education measured in terms of literacy alone does not create guarantees
for democratic government. What is needed is a different kind of education, an
education which will not be imparted with the purpose of maintaining any given <i>status quo,</i> but with the sole purpose of
making the individuals of a community conscious of their potentialities, help
them to think rationally and judge for themselves, and promote their critical
faculties by applying it to all problems confronting them. No government
promotes that kind of education. The purpose of government education is to
create mental conformism. You have to
sing patriotic songs, salute national flags and read patriotic history as
compiled and edited by governments, so that all people be merged in to a
homogenous collectivity and forget that they are individuals endowed with
certain sovereign faculties and entitled to be free. Hence there is danger in
the demand that governments provide all education, especially in backward and
largely illiterate countries. Because, Democracy will not be possible until people
are taught to remember precisely their critical faculties which governments
naturally fear, and apply them for the administration of their community. And
this is not taught under government- sponsored systems of national education.”
(2<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> “Other ways and means must be found to create
that atmosphere of intellectual awakening which is the precondition for
democratic practice. Such an intellectual resurgence of the people will take
place together with the resurrection of the individual from the grave of the
mass. Only when the monster called the mass is decomposed in to its component
men and women, will an atmosphere be created in which democratic practice becomes possible, in which there can be
established governments of the people and by the people. In such an atmosphere,
it will become possible to practice
direct Democracy in smaller social groups, because to make individuals self
reliant, they must be freed from the feeling of being helpless cogs in the
wheels of the gigantic machines of modern states, which allow them no other
function than to cast a vote once in several years, and give them no idea of
how governments function, so that they cannot even effectively help their
government, if they wanted to.” (3. <i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">But once the precondition
is created, that every citizen and voter will have a minimum degree of
intelligent understanding and the ability to think and judge for himself, then
this helplessness and hopelessness of
the individuals will disappear; they can create local democracies of their own.
The voters need no longer remain scattered like isolated
atoms. They can organize themselves on a local scale into peoples’ committees,
and function as local republics, in which direct democracy is possible. Then at
the time of elections, these people will no longer have to vote for anybody
coming from outside; they will not only discuss in their committees the merits
of candidates presented to them for taking or leaving, but nominate their own
candidates from among themselves. To create this condition is the most
important political activity.” (4<i>)<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> (to be
continued)<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Ref:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> P.58<b>, ‘ Politics Power And Parties’, </b><i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">M N Roy,<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">AjantaPublications,
Jawahar Nagar, Delhi,110007<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pp. 58- 59, ibid<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">P. 59, , ibid<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pp. 59- 60, ibid<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12733864857487802245noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1851624090790928573.post-83878652337302056362014-01-13T01:49:00.000+05:302014-12-25T20:57:24.826+05:30The Anachronism We Call Saudi Arabia -1<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 21.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: #cc0000;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 21.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: #cc0000;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1. Driving While Female </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 21.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: #cc0000;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 21.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: #cc0000;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 21.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: #cc0000;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 21.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: #cc0000;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">One might think these are stories made up by idiots. Many do
not take such stories seriously. What if they are true? I am telling you about
the struggle of Arabian women for the right to drive their cars! The clerics, the
police and the state in Saudi Arabia are anxiously at war against women.
Literally they are! </span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: #cc0000;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: #cc0000;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Women are banned from driving because the Wahhabi
interpretation of Islam has found out that if allowed, the deviation would
undermine the very structure of Saudi Arabian Islam. The country has no written
law banning women from driving. Some of them possess International Driving licenses.
The Saudi authorities do not issue drivers’ licenses to women.</span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: #cc0000;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: #cc0000;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: #cc0000;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: #cc0000;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Arabian Human Rights activist Wajeha al-Huwaider challenged
the ban. The video showing her driving is available on the internet. <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=54pRJkJ6B6E" target="_blank">(1)</a>. This
was a message for women to drive on Women’s day 2008.</span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: #cc0000;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: #cc0000;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">There were reports of an arrest of a woman in her 20s in
Mecca in 2009.</span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: #cc0000;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: #cc0000;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">On Saturday, November 07, 2009 , Saudi Gazette reported
detention of two female professors of King Abdul Aziz University the previous
day.<a href="http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentID=2009110753806" target="_blank">(2)</a>.</span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: #cc0000;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: #cc0000;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">It is guessed that there can be very many cases which were
never reported anywhere. Even a Saudi princess made public statement to the
effect that she had driven outside and wanted to drive in her country. <a href="http://www.express.co.uk/news/world/84073/Princess-raises-driving-ban-issue" target="_blank">(3)</a>.</span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: #cc0000;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: #cc0000;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Rym Ghazal writing for National Geographic<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>says there were protests in 1990 and 2011 and
dozens of women participated in driving opposing the ban. A CNN report mentions
that 47 women drove through Riyadh in the first demonstration. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Some were fined and jailed, some lost jobs and
status in society, <a href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/10/131025-saudi-arabia-women-drivers-protest-world/" target="_blank"> </a></span></span></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: #cc0000;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/10/131025-saudi-arabia-women-drivers-protest-world/" target="_blank"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: #cc0000;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">(4)</span></span></span></a> and were shunned by a superstitious society. <a href="http://edition.cnn.com/2013/09/29/world/meast/saudi-arabia-women-driving-cleric/" target="_blank">(5)</a> . In the “Women2Drive”
campaign of 2011, dozens of women drove through streets of their cities, it reports.</span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: #cc0000;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: #cc0000;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">A petition signed by more than 12,000 on the website, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="http://www.oct26driving.com/">www.oct26driving.com</a></span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: #cc0000;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: #cc0000;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">asked the authorities to lift the ban. The online movement urging
women to drive cars on October 26<sup>th</sup><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>gained popularity within and without the country.</span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: #cc0000;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: #cc0000;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is said that the
site was blocked on Friday afternoon and was replaced by a message, “Drop the
leadership of Saudi women”. A leading cleric had issued a scientific fatwa to
the effect that driving could cause damage to the ovaries and pelvises! He
warned of clinical problems. (link5 above).</span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: #cc0000;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: #cc0000;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">On the eve of the planned protest, Turki al-Faisal, the
interior ministry spokesman warned that even online support for the campaign
could invite arrest. By Friday night the campaign organizers dropped the
October 26<sup>th</sup> specification.</span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: #cc0000;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 21.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: #cc0000;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">France 24 reported that at least 16 women had been fined for
defying the ban. The campaign was entitled “Women’s driving is a choice”. They not
only were fined but had to sign a pledge to the effect that they would respect
the kingdom’s laws.<a href="http://www.france24.com/en/20131027-saudi-arabia-women-fined-protesting-driving-ban/" target="_blank"> (6)</a>. France 24 notes that this discriminatory policy is
against ‘UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against
women’ which Saudi Arabia had ratified in 2000.</span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: #cc0000;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div style="margin-left: .25in;">
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: #cc0000;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">According to
TIME World, “On Saturday, more than 60 women said they defied the ban, although
they faced little action from police.” It notes that men , most of them in
their 20s and 30s were active in the campaign. The help provided by men seems
to be crucial: “</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">In the run-up to the
weekend protest, men played a key role in helping wives, sisters and female
friends to enjoy what they believe is a fundamental right.</span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: #cc0000;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div style="margin-left: .25in;">
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: #cc0000;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Since the campaign
was launched in September, they have produced videos of women driving and put
them on social networks.</span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: #cc0000;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div style="margin-left: .25in;">
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: #cc0000;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">They have helped
protect the female drivers by forming packs of two or three cars to surround
them and ward off potential harassment.</span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: #cc0000;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: #cc0000;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">And some have simply ridden as passengers with the women as
they run their daily errands.”</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="http://world.time.com/2013/11/01/saudi-men-quietly-help-campaign-for-women-to-drive/" target="_blank">(7)</a>. From their views quoted, it is clear that they have the right
perspective. This source further tells us about the now popular, “No Woman, No
Drive” video: “Alaa Wardi of Riyadh, who says he is not involved in the
campaign, has produced an online video called “No Woman, No Drive,” using a Bob
Marley song to mock comments by a prominent sheik who said driving can harm a
woman’s ovaries. It has had more than 8 million views since Saturday.” <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aZMbTFNp4wI&feature=youtu.be" target="_blank">(8)</a>.</span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: #cc0000;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: #cc0000;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">It is gratifying to note that several men
knowing that their help in this respect might end up in risking jobs, getting
detained and jailed, not to speak of social ostracizing, quietly helped to
gather momentum for the movement. They know perfectly well that women are an
essential part of social revolution.</span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: #cc0000;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; margin-left: 0.25in;">
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: #cc0000;"><br />
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Human
Rights watch observes: "After more than 100clerics visited the </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Royal Court, the office of
the king, to protest “the conspiracy of women driving,” as one cleric called
it, the Interior Ministry issued a statement on October 23 warning that
officials would enforce the law on October 26, when women were to drive. Saudi
activists said that on October 24 a man who said he was from the Interior
Ministry individually phoned women activists behind the “Women2Drive” campaign,
warning them not to drive. He told them that officials would take measures
against all women who defied the driving ban, and that women caught driving
could be taken into custody. Some women who had planned to drive on October 26
decided against it, they said.” In spite of warnings, intimidations, harassments
and obstructions, the campaign gets strengthened with the call to ‘normalize
driving’.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The authorities are out to go
to any extreme. The movement proposes to continue driving in public and posting
videos or photos of themselves online. </span></span></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: #cc0000;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: #cc0000;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/oct/27/saudia-arabian-women-drivers-campaign-ban" target="_blank">(9)</a>.</span></span></span> Twelve films have been posted on You
Tube. The Guardian reports from activists: some other women had also driven but
without recording their exploits on video or in photographs.<a href="http://www.youtube.com/user/oct26driving" target="_blank"> (10)</a>. According
to the activists more than 60 took part which means October 26 demonstration is
the biggest of all the ban demonstrations held in Saudi Arabia. They also
report that they have succeeded in garnering 16,600 signatures on the online
petition demanding change. One of the positive features of the campaign is the
effective use of social media especially Twitter.</span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: #cc0000;">
<br />
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; margin-left: 0.25in;">
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: #cc0000;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Joe Stork,
Deputy Middle East Director of Human Rights Watch said: “Saudi authorities are
retaliating against people who want a very basic right for women, the right to
get behind the wheel and drive themselves where they want to go. The
authorities should end the driving ban and stop harassing people for supporting
women’s rights.”<a href="http://www.hrw.org/news/2013/10/29/saudi-arabia-free-journalist-who-supported-women-driving" target="_blank">(11)</a>.</span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: #cc0000;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div style="margin-left: .25in;">
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: #cc0000;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">On 30, October
2013 (Wednesday), The Guardian reported the news of detention of Tariq
al-Mubarak who was an active supporter of the campaign. A school teacher, he used
to write in a daily, ‘Ashraq al-Awsat’. Though he was contacted regarding a
stolen car, the criminal investigation department was interrogating about his
activity in the campaign. His friends <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>who went to the investigator’s <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>office in the hope of <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bringing him back were also detained for hours
and interrogated. The Guardian says: “He said the courts in <a href="http://www.theguardian.com/world/saudiarabia" title="More from the Guardian on Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> did not have
sufficient provisions to deter those who threatened others against exercising
their freedoms because "rights and freedoms … are not instilled in our
culture, nor our interpretation of religion".</span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: #cc0000;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div style="margin-left: .25in;">
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: #cc0000;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Mubarak, who
also works as a schoolteacher, was among a core group of Saudis calling for
women's right to drive. Around 60 women claimed they got behind the wheel on
Saturday to oppose the ban. The campaign angered the kingdom's
ultra-conservative religious establishment.”</span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: #cc0000;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div style="margin-left: .25in;">
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: #cc0000;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Global
Voices has correctly pointed out the unmistakable part played by the Saudi
Government in the ban. Tariq al-Mubarak had been in detention since 3 p.m.,October
27<sup>th</sup> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>without access to
relatives or legal help .<a href="http://globalvoicesonline.org/2013/11/01/saudi-arrests-writer-for-supporting-women-driving/" target="_blank"> (12)</a>. </span></span></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: #cc0000;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: #cc0000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> Tariq has since been released.</span></span></span> The success of the campaign has angered the
clerics and the bureaucracy. </span></span></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: #cc0000;">
</span></span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: #cc0000;"></span></span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 21.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: #cc0000;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: #cc0000;"><span style="font-size: large;">Post Scripts:</span></span></span>
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: #cc0000;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: #cc0000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: #cc0000;"><span style="font-size: medium;">I. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: #cc0000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></span>
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: #cc0000;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Tariq Al
Mubarak has been allowed to return home. We thank all members and
readers who co-operated and did what they could to end his detention.</span></span></span><br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="background-color: red; color: white;"><br />II.</span></h3>
<h3>
<span style="background-color: red; color: white;"> a.</span></h3>
<h3>
<a href="https://twitter.com/Saudiwoman/status/406371485591154688/photo/1" style="background-color: red;">The Courageous women continue driving- 1</a></h3>
<h3>
<span style="background-color: red; color: white;"><br /> <br /><br />b.<br /><a href="http://edition.cnn.com/2013/12/12/world/meast/saudi-arabia-women-drivers-detained/index.html">The Courageous Women continue driving- 2</a></span></h3>
</div>
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-left: .25in;">
<span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></span></span>
<span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: .25in;">
<span style="background-color: #93c47d; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: red;">(Originally published in the blog</span><span style="color: blue;">,</span><span style="color: yellow;">'<a href="http://dulmajd.blogspot.in/2013/11/driving-while-female.html" target="_blank">New Humanism</a>'</span><span style="color: red;"> on November 3, 2013)</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: .25in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: .25in;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="background-color: white;">II. c. </span><a href="http://www.alarab.co.uk/en/?id=1267" target="_blank"> </a></span></span></span><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="http://www.alarab.co.uk/en/?id=1267" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: blue;">Saudi Arabia suspends notification to guardians when women travel</span></span></a></span></span> </span></span></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12733864857487802245noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1851624090790928573.post-85881496469798553242014-01-08T00:31:00.001+05:302014-01-08T00:31:25.920+05:30Radical Humanism, M.N. Roy and The Movement - 3<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: x-large;">3. The Man</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: "Kartika","serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">The Revolutionary Philosopher of Freedom</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Kartika","serif"; line-height: 115%;">Perhaps the
assessment of Prof. G.D.Parikh gave us the true picture of M.N.Roy : “He was
unique in the universality of his experience. A dozen different countries
spread over three major continents provide the background of his chequered
career. He occupied leading positions in the great movements of Nationalism,
Communism, and Humanism, continuing to grow throughout, in his understanding
aided and enriched by his rare intellectual gifts and vast experience. While
holding positions of authority and influence and rubbing shoulders with some of
the greatest figures of contemporary history, he did not hesitate in choosing
the path of wilderness whenever his convictions, in the context of the
situations he faced, seemed to demand the choice. He combined firmness of
commitment to the basic value of freedom and truth with a remarkable open-mindedness,
capable of absorbing new ideas and learning from fresh experience. Indeed, his
life was a great quest, a steady and purposeful march; the movement had its
moments of slowing down or setbacks, but it knew no failures or defeats. It had
no room whatever for frustration or bitterness of any kind. That his life, no
less than his ideas, is his bequest for future generations is the real measure
of his greatness.”Prof. Parikh was not eulogizing Roy when he wrote : “There
was something of the universal man in him, whose company made even the most
mediocre of his comrades feel that life, with all its ugly patches, was
exciting and beautiful and that they, too, had an important place in its ever
renewing procession. Few leaders have been able to release men’s creativity as
Roy could do without resorting to shamanism of any kind.” </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Kartika","serif"; line-height: 115%;">It is impossible
to sketch all events in the life of M.N.Roy. Below is an attempt made to note
the most important phases and happenings as contained in Prof. Parikh's book: </span></div>
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<![endif]--><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;">M.N.Roy (Narendranath
Bhattacharya)</span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;"> –
</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;">Important
Events</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;">1887,
March 21 Birth at Urbalia, 24 Parganas, Bengal</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;"> Father -
Dinabandhu Bhattacharya, Head Pandit of Local
School</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;"> Mother -
Basantha Kumari of Kodalia, 24 Parganas</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;">1888
- 1908 Jnan
Vikasini School of Arbalia,</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;"> Harinabhi
Anglo-Sanskrit School of Kodalia,</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;"> Passed Entrance Examination of Bengal
NationalCollege and studied at </span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;"> Bengal Technical Institute.</span></span> </span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;">1905 Organised free social
service among rural poor</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;">Joined Underground movement (leaders: Aurobindo and Barin Ghosh)</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;">Organised close-knit group at Changripota</span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;">1907 First Political
dacoity at Changripota Railway Station.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;">1908 Arrest and Release</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;">1909 Dacoity together with
Hari Kumar Chakravarthy</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;">1910
– 11 Howrah- Sibpur Conspiracy
Case – arrested and discharged</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;">1911
– 13 Reorganised
revolutionary movement under Jatin Mukherji</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;">1914 Theft of 50 Mauser
Pistols and 46 000 rounds of ammunition</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;">1915 Garden Reach Robbery</span></span><br />
</div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;">Left for Batevia as Charles A. Martin to negotiate with Germans
for supply of arms</span></span><br />
</div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;">Left India again in search of arms –
travelled through China, Japan and Far East on way to Germany</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;">1916 Reached San Fransisco</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;"> Met Evelyn
Trent</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;"> Moved to New York, Met Lala Lajpat Rai,
adopted the name of </span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: large;">“Manavendra Nath Roy”</span>.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;">1917 – 1918 Arrested by American Police –
Released on bail – Escaped to Mexico with Evelyn(now married to Roy) with a
letter of introduction of President of Stanford University Mr. David Starr
Jordan to General Salvador Alvarado, Governor of Yucatan in Mexico</span></span><br />
</div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;"> Contacted
German Embassy in Mexico, got funds to
buy arms in China – sent money to Rash
Behari Bose in Japan and to Indian Revolutionaries in U.S.A.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;"> Was
introduced to President Carranza and soon became his friend</span></span><br />
</div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;"> Published in
Spanish: ‘The way to Durable World Peace’, Open letter to Woodrow Wilson ,
‘Voice of India’.</span></span><br />
</div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;"> Published:
‘India – Her Past, Present and Future’ (First major work)</span></span><br />
</div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;"> Organised a
conference of Socialist Party of Mexico – was elected its General Scretary.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;">1919 Founding of El
Partido Communista de Mexico – Elected as delegate to Second Congress of the
communist Inter-national – Met Michael Barodin in Mexico .</span></span><br />
</div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;"> Left for
Europe with Evelyn – Carried Mexican diplomatic passports [as Segnor and
Segnora Robert Alleny Villa Garcia]</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;">1920 In Berlin- Met
several communist leaders of different countries of Europe</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;"> May – October</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;"> Reached
Moscow (May), meeting with Lenin</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;"> Second
congress of Communist international</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;"> Membership
of Mali Bureau of C.I., Mission to Tashkent</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;"> Establishment
of India House and Military School.</span></span><br />
</div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;"> Formation of
Communist Party of India in Tahkent</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;">1921
April Establishment of
University of toilers of the East.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;"> May Closure
of Military School</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;"> June – July Third Congress of Comm.Int.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;"> Sept. Manifesto to Ahmedabad session of Indian National
Congress</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;"> Dec. Publication
of ‘India in Transition’, Russian
Edition ( Eng. Edition </span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;"> middle of 1922.)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;">1922
April Shifting of Head
Quarters to Berlin.</span></span><br />
</div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;"> May Publication
of “<b>Vanguard</b>”</span></span><br />
</div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;"> Peshawar Communist
Conspiracy Cases; live upto 1927.</span></span><br />
</div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;"> Nov. Fourth
Congress of C.I. Elected to Executive Committee of C.I.</span></span><br />
</div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;"> Dec. Manifesto
to Gaya Session of Congress.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;">1924 June –
July Fifth Congress of C.I.
Election to C.I. bodies, Kanpur Communist </span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;">Conspiracy Case.</span></span></span></span> </span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span></span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;">1927 Jan.
- Aug. Mission
to China.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;"> Aug. Returned from China to Moscow.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;"> Oct. In
Berlin to resume activities relating to India</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;">1928 Feb. In Moscow
to attend 7<sup>th</sup> plena. m
of ECCI.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;"> April Flight from Moscow.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;">1929 march Meerut Communist Conspiracy Case.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;"> Dec. Expulsion from C.I.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;">1930 Dec. Unlawful return to India.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;">1931 March Attended Karachi Session of
Congress</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;">1931 July Arrested in Bombay after
seven months of Under ground activity. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;"> Aug. – Dec. Trial
in Kanpur.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;">1933 Jan. Sentence of transportation
for twelve years. Later reduced in appeal to six years’ rigorous imprisonment.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;">1936 Nov. Release from Dehra Dun Jail.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;"> Dec. Attended Faizpur Session of the Congress.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;">1937 April Publication of “Independent India.”</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;">1939 March Attended INC Session in Tripuri.</span></span><br />
</div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;"> Formation
of League of Radical Congressmen.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;">1940 March Contested election to INC
presidentship.</span></span><br />
</div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;"> May First
study Camp in Dehra Dun.</span></span><br />
</div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;"> Oct. Resigned from INC on the issue
of the World War II.</span></span><br />
</div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;"> Dec. Formation of Radical Democratic
Party. </span></span><br />
</div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;"> Formation of
National Democratic Union.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;">1941 Nov. Establishment of Indian
Federation of Labour.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;">1942 Dec. Second Conference of RDP.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;">1944 April Publication of Peoples’ Plan.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;"> Dec. Third Conference of RDP.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;">1945 Publication of Draft
Constitution .</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;">1946 Aug. Establishment of Indian
Renaissance Institute at Dehra Dun.</span></span><br />
</div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;"> Dec. Fourth RDP Conference and adoption of Twenty-Two
Thesis.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;">1947 May Study Camp in Dehra Dun.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;">1948 Dec. Dissolution of RDP at the
fifth conference of the Party.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;">1952 June Accident at Mussoorie leading
to prolonged illness.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;">1954 Jan. Death in Dehra Dun</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;"> *****************************</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-large;">
</span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12733864857487802245noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1851624090790928573.post-67806602430871417772014-01-06T10:24:00.001+05:302014-01-06T10:24:45.433+05:30Radical Humanism, M.N. Roy and The Movement - 2<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: x-large;"> 2. The New Renaissance Movement</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> 2.</span>1.
What do We Mean by Renaissance:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -63.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“An all round progress
of the Indian people, such as will bring them abreast with other peoples of the
modern civilized world, requires a social revolution, and the social
revolution, in its turn, requires a philosophical revolution; in other words, a
change in the traditional mentality of India. That change is known in history
as a Renaissance. The object of the Renaissance Movement in India is to bring
about that change and to carry that message of the revolt of man far and wide,
so that a sufficiently large number of men and women see that established
notions, old beliefs, traditional authorities, venerable dogmas, are setting
limits to the possibility of development of the Indian people. It is no longer
a question of changing one political government for another: the mentality of
the Indian people must change before it can go forward in its march towards
real freedom and progress and thus come abreast with the rest of modern
mankind”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>M.N. Roy. Though primarily
addressing his comrades in the Indian sub-continent, its importance in the post
communist century cannot be ignored, the least by the under developed and developing
countries. Roy’s insistence on the need, philosophy and methods of creating a
Renaissance Movement needs careful study and detailed discussion. No serious
minded humanist can ignore his lectures collected under the title ‘Humanism,
Revivalism and The Indian Heritage’.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
<span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.2. The Necessary Steps for Social Change:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">“One need not be frightened by the term revolution. It does
not mean anything more drastic than a radical readjustment of social relations
which have become antiquated: in other words, a thorough overhaul of the established
social order. A social organization, with its economic relations and political
institutions, is not static. It continually grows and evolves. In course of
time, the limits under which a system has progressed and developed become too
restricted for further growth. Within those limits, the unbounded
potentialities of human creativeness can no longer be unfolded. Therefore, it
becomes necessary to reorganize the established social order with the purpose
of widening the horizons of freedom, giving greater latitude to the
creativeness of man.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">“From these few words of explanation, it is quite clear that,
when we say India must experience a social revolution, we are simply saying
that certain things must be done if the Indian people are to come out of the long
period of intellectual stagnation, social and economic backwardness and
cultural comma. But we shall not be able to tackle this problem of social
reconstruction with the proper spirit and the confidence of attaining success,
unless we can learn from history a lesson which is often forgotten, or simply
ignored by the more impetuous romantic prophets of revolution. History teaches
us that no great change in political institutions, in legal systems and
economic organizations is possible before the community requiring such a social
revolution undergoes what can be called a philosophical revolution. An
impending revolution is heralded by the more forward-looking spirits, who
realize the necessity of a change and also have the courage to challenge the
moral sanction of the established social order. In other words, a change in the
mental outlook of a sufficiently large number of members of a community is the
precondition for a successful and constructive change in the material
conditions of life.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Pages 9 to 10,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>M.N.Roy<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>‘Humanism, Revivalism and The
Indian Heritage’, Renaissance Publishers Private Limited, 15, Bankim Chatterjee
Street, 2<sup>nd</sup> Floor, Coffee House, Calcutta 700 073.)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-indent: -63.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> 2.</span>3. Renaissance, Not Revivalism:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-indent: -63.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
<span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The term Renaissance is foreign: it
is not even English; originally French, it was taken over in English
literature. Being so very foreign, the term naturally lends itself to
misunderstanding and wrong interpretations. Etymologically, it means rebirth.
That seems to fit in with our own hoary ideas. Indians also believe in rebirth:
Man dies, and is reborn, again and again. But India has not died; so how can
she be reborn? The misunderstanding may not go to such a ridiculous extent. It
does, however, confuse Renaissance with revivalism. The Renaissance movement
must guard itself against this confusion. Renaissance is not revival, for the
simple reason that the past can never be revived. The past is dead, and the
dead must be buried………………………………</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-indent: -63.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“There are instances of
intellectual and aesthetic values created in the past being forgotten. Attempts
should be made to revive them. If we want to cherish the memory of our past, if
we want to draw inspiration from our past so that we can travel on the right
road in to the unknown future, we shall have to distinguish between what is
dead and what is immortal in the past. Renaissance may be equated with
revivalism to the extent that it distinguishes the immortal human values
created in the past from the concrete material past which is dead, and
endeavours to rescue those values, if forgotten, out of the ruins of the past
which is dead. Because certain things in the past have been forgotten, we shall
have to revive them, if we discover them to be still valid. But the sense in
which revivalism is preached generally in our country is not only not
Renaissance, but counter-formation. There are people in our country who talk
about Renaissance, and yet propose revival of Ramraj, return to the Vedic
culture and idealise the Vikram era, so on and so forth. Assuming that there
ever was a golden Age in India and that in that legendary past India had
attained a level of culture and civilization, not yet reached by other nations
of the world, it is simply not possible to go back to that age. But if there
was really a Golden Age, and at that time Indian genius created values such as
do not die with the bodies of their creators, then they have been simply
forgotten. Traces of them may be still lying buried under the debris of
traditional junk heaped up through the ages. Having discovered those traces of
old glory, we may be able to reconstruct in imagination. In case of
intellectual values, such as philosophical systems or scientific thought, the
process of reconstruction will be logical. But to rescue the forgotten or
neglected heritage, we must dig deep in to the debris of the dead past, clear
away the thick cob-webs of legends, myths and mythology, which are cherished as
India’s cultural tradition.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“That exactly happened
in Europe during the period which is known as the Renaissance.” (Pp. 11 to 13,
‘Humanism, Revivalism and The Indian Heritage’ ibid)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
<span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.4. Let Us Educate the Educators:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
<u><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
<u><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></u><u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">“</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">But the philosophical revolution which will prepare the
ground for the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>social revolution
cannot be brought about by people engrossed in the present politics. It is the
task of men who refuse to participate in the vulgar scramble for power, and
would try to raise political practice on a moral level. Their efforts will
create the renaissance movement, a humanist movement, which will think in terms
of the rise, progress and welfare of man. The main function of the movement
will be to awaken in man, in as many men as possible, the urge for freedom.
That is a work of education of enlightenment. At present, we are still in the
stage of educating the educators. To create a sufficiently large number of
them, we shall have the help of modern science. Our old culture and scriptures
won’t help us in that task. It is only in the light of modern science that we
can show that man has unlimited potentialities of development. It is in that
light that God is revealed as a creation of man. It is in the power of the creator
to destroy his creation or recreate it. Only this belief, this confidence, can
awaken in man the urge for freedom and the zeal to work for his freedom. And
this confidence is created by modern scientific knowledge.” (Pp 20 to21, ibid.)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.5. The Humanist Mission</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<u><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">“</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Humanism is</span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">an old philosophy.
Humanists have always approached all problems of life from the assumption of
the sovereignty of man. But man remained unexplained, veiled in mystery. Now we
know approximately what makes man a man, what is the source of his sovereignty,
his creativeness. It is his capacity of knowing, as distinct from the common
biological property of being aware; and knowledge endows him with power - not
to rule over others, but to create for the benefit of the race, and pursue the
ideal of <b>freedom</b> further and further. As the content of knowledge is
truth, the enlightened man finds in himself the sanction of the moral values
cherished by him. The humanist mission, therefore, is <u>the pursuit of
knowledge and dissemination of knowledge already acquired</u>.” </span><br />
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">(Pp. 12, 13; M
N Roy: <i>Politics Power And Parties</i>, 1981, Ajanta Publishers, Jawahar Nagar,
Delhi – 11 00 07)</span><br />
<br />
<br />
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12733864857487802245noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1851624090790928573.post-62597897981183844882014-01-05T19:33:00.001+05:302014-01-05T19:33:11.281+05:30Notes on Certain Aspects of the Structure of Modern Humanist Thought - 2<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<div style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">Naturalism,
Humanitarianism and Modern Humanism</span></b></div>
<div style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.5in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">There is a wide spread
misconception regarding Humanism. This relates to the difference between Humanism
and Humanitarianism.</span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Humanism</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> as a world view enjoys wide support
among thinking people globally. At the same time, the term is either
misunderstood or at the worst misrepresented by certain forces at play even in
the Rationalist fold. Some people would like to see the idea added to their
decadent ideology so as to make their organization look relevant and
contemporary without themselves undergoing any meaningful change as a result of
their accepting Humanist Philosophy. They use the word Humanism in place of
humanitarianism as if they would very much like to pluck out the secular and atheistic
core from it. Humanism is the philosophic child of the Renaissance movement. The
Amsterdam Declaration of 2002 clearly stated what Humanists mean by ‘Humanism’
basing upon which the International Humanist and Ethical Union works. The IHEU </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Minimum Statement on Humanism</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> says:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">“Humanism is a democratic and ethical life stance,
which affirms that human beings have the right and responsibility to give
meaning and shape to their own lives. It stands for the building of a more
humane society through an ethic based on human and other natural values in the
spirit of reason and free inquiry through human capabilities. It is not
theistic, and it does not accept supernatural views of reality.”(2)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">From the above it is quite clear that humanists reject
all super natural concepts as non-existent and invalid. Since Humanists do not
consider supernatural ideas or collectivities founded on unquestionable dogmas
to be the source of their ethics, their humanitarianism is founded on secular
ethics. Root of such an ethics is to be sought in the rationality of the
individual.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">There may be religious people who wrongly qualify
certain actions which are humanitarian in nature as humanism. A contributing
factor that helps to sustain the confusion is the fact that humanitarianism is
contained in the Ethics of Humanism. The Amsterdam declaration has amply made
it clear that Humanism imposes no creed upon its adherents. It further
clarifies that Humanism is committed to education that is devoid of
indoctrination.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">It has been noticed that certain rationalists have
been using these terms in a manner that creates confusion. Hence, this attempt
to point out the clear difference that can be discerned when knowledgeable
persons use these words. Dr. D.D. Bandiste, in his book, ‘New Humanism – A
revolutionary Philosophy’ has discussed this aspect. Since his treatment of the
difference will be useful for our readers I propose to heavily depend on him in
this section. I strongly recommend the book (3) for students of Humanism.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Humanists are secular and rational. They are
scientific in outlook. In their Ontology (= the part of philosophy which deals
with the science of BEING), they are Naturalists.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">What about the broad class of humanitarians?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Humanitarians may include religious people. It is
possible that some humanitarians are believers in some sort of God, Soul, life
in the Here-after etc. There are humanitarians who strongly believe that the
basis of their humanitarianism is belief in religion or some such thing as ‘Spirituality’.
In fact, some people seem to argue that the religious people are the best
examples of Humanitarians.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Humanists believe that ideas are formed in the human
brain through sense perception. Knowledge, according to them, is not derived
from superstitious scriptures or infallible prophets. Hence their good works
are conscious efforts based on rational thought. Take the case of humanitarians
who are not secular humanists. Their values are sought to be explained using
concepts which they claim to be outside or beyond human understanding! Even
service for the welfare of fellow human beings will be described as service or
duty to some supernatural entity! All the greatness of their altruism fades
when we hear from them that they do good to please some non-existent entity.
One may not respect a person when he affirms that he is moral because he fears
God. The ethics of religionists sound horrible to humanists when destitution
and poverty are justified by some humanitarians on the ground that it is due to
the existence of these inequalities that they ‘fortunately’ </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>engage themselves in the service of their God.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Humanists consider themselves to be the makers of
their own destiny. This sense of freedom makes them self confident. They
cheerfully embark on various activities useful to the mankind. Their altruism
gives them great pleasure. They hate to become servants of any unjust force or collectivism.
Humanists endeavour to make people self-reliant.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Many people have wrong notions about the humility
shown by religious humanitarians. Isn’t it just the expression of mental
slavery? They are virtuous only because they are cowed down by some weird
beliefs. To use the term HUMANISM wherever humanitarianism is intended results
in devaluing the iconoclastic and secular connotation originally and
essentially contained in Renaissance Humanism. No humanist can afford to be
ignorant of the fine distinctions. To the unaware, my clarification, following
Dr.Bandiste, is as below:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">The word ‘humanitarianism’ without any qualifier like
secular may be taken to mean non-humanist enterprises. Secular Humanitarianism
is an integral part of Humanism. Hence, HUMANISM need not be mixed up with
religious humanitarianism. Humanism and Humanitarianism are not words
equivalent in meaning or in use. Where acts of kindness are in mind, the words altruism,
philanthropy, humanitarianism etc. are available for use.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Kartika","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Modern Humanism </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Kartika; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">can be considered to have</span><span style="font-family: "Kartika","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">started with the appearance of the first Humanist
Manifesto of 1933. It was the result of the works of a liberal Protestant group
known as Unitarians. They rejected the idea of Holy Trinity. They thought Jesus
Christ was a human being. Believing in one God, they supported social reforms
and advocated individual freedom in matters of religion. Their liberal
interpretations of matters of Church and theology resulted in the movement
known as religious Humanism.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Their
emphasis on the human individual enabled them to include skeptics and agnostics
in their movement. They published a more secular version of their Manifesto in
1973 (the second Humanist Manifesto). Many considered the movement as a
reasonable alternative to religion. That their trajectory was progressive and
secular is evidenced by the publication in 1980 of the Secular Humanist
Declaration. The ideas of Renaissance encouraging exploration and enquiry were
instrumental in the splitting away of Roman Catholic Church. To deny the
anti-clerical spirit contained in Humanism is nothing but falsification of
history.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Ref:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">(1)’The Naturalist Tradition in Indian Thought’ by
Dale Riepe, Motilal Banarsidas, Delhi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">(2)http://www.iheu.org/</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">(3) ‘New Humanism – A Revolutionary Philosophy’(1996),Dr.
D.D. Bandiste,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">New Age International Limited,4835/24, Ansari
Road,Darya ganj, </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">New Delhi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Note:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">‘India’
refers to the geographical areas under British colonial period and hence
includes Bangla Desh and Pakistan as well.</span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12733864857487802245noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1851624090790928573.post-515972752169206632014-01-05T10:31:00.000+05:302014-07-27T12:59:28.664+05:30Radical Humanism, M.N. Roy and The Movement - 1<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Radical
Humanist Philosophy has been presented</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> as Twenty –two Theses in the form of aphorisms by M.N. Roy
probably in the model of Marx’s Theses on Feuerbach.</span></b></div>
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<h2 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 13.2pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Humanists start their quest from a concrete reality –
the individual. This starting point – the existence of the individual
human being as the reality precedes any theory or ideology regarding his life,
welfare and destiny. What Radical Humanists want to stress is this: any theory
or ideology that suppresses the reality, nature and functions of the individual
as individual cannot be accepted by Humanists. Any social theory that discounts
the basic element of society – the individual human being – is bound to fail.
Hitler created a National socialist Party. In fascist parties individuals are
said to have no unique importance save as the cogs in the wheels of their
inhuman organizational structure. We have by now realized that communism too
failed because of this negation of individual freedom. Capitalism, because of
its undue importance to profit motive, creates a condition detrimental to the
majority of the populace – not only workers, its ethics being anti-humanist, it
ultimately harms even all other weaker capitalists. Whatever be the labels being used,
we do not have pure socialism or capitalism anywhere in the world.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>No country has an economic system in which
unbridled freedom for the entrepreneur is guaranteed. Even the militant
communist countries have given in to forces of capital. This situation of the
contemporary world drives thinking people to pessimism and illusory
solutions. Rationalist and humanist movements everywhere have some good-natured
idealists who want to divert the movement towards propagating and practicing
their collectivist political ideologies. In fact, many humanists
and rationalists were communists, previously. Radical Humanists and
particularly M.N. Roy have the unique distinction of putting the entire theory
and practice of communism and Marxism to rational analysis even while remaining
within a Marxist party and continuing as leaders and activists of a Marxist
party.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>M.N. Roy’s ideas expounded
through the discussions are indispensable reading for any humanist who still
holds strong sentiments or weak convictions regarding socialism or communism
and wants to correctly assess what a humanist’s approach to these economic
theories could possibly be. True to their conviction, the Indian Radical Democrats disclaimed
themselves as a political party and decided to work as individuals on the basis
of ‘The twenty two theses of Radical Humanism’.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></h2>
<h2 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 13.2pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: yellow;"><br /></span></span></span></h2>
<h2 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 13.2pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><i> <span style="color: yellow;">My conviction is that Roy’s ideas furnish essential
guide lines for creating a New Renaissance movement.</span></i></span></h2>
<h2 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 13.2pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #555555;"> </span></span></span></h2>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #555555;"> </span></span></span></h2>
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<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">I.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Kartika; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">The Twenty-two Theses of Radical Humanism</span><span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Kartika; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Thesis</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Kartika; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Kartika; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">One</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Kartika; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Man is the archetype of society. Co-operative
social relationships contribute to develop individual potentialities. But the
development of the individual is the measure of social progress. Collectivity
presupposes the existence of individuals. Except as the sum total of freedom
and well-being, actually enjoyed by individuals, social liberation and progress
are imaginary ideals, which are never attained. Well-being, if it is actual, is
enjoyed by individuals. It is wrong to ascribe a collective ego to any form of
community (viz. nation, class etc.), as that practice means sacrifice of the
individual. Collective well-being is a function of the well-being of
individuals.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Kartika; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Thesis Two</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Kartika; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Quest for freedom and search for truth constitute
the basic urge of human progress. The quest for freedom is the continuation, on
a higher level - of intelligence and emotion - of the biological struggle for
existence. The search for truth is a corollary thereof. Increasing knowledge of
nature enables man to be progressively free from the tyranny of natural
phenomena, and physical and social environments. Truth is the content of
knowledge.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Kartika; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Thesis Three</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Kartika; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">The purpose of all rational human endeavour,
individual as well as collective, is attainment of freedom, in ever increasing
measure. Freedom is progressive disappearance of all restrictions on the
unfolding of the potentialities of individuals, as human beings, and not as
cogs in the wheels of a mechanized social organism. The position of the
individual, therefore, is the measure of the progressive and liberating
significance of any collective effort or social organization. The success of
any collective endeavour is to be measured by the actual benefit for its
constituent units.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Kartika; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Thesis Four</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Kartika; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Rising out of the background of the law-governed
physical nature, the human being is essentially rational. Reason being a
biological property, it is not the antithesis of will. Intelligence and emotion
can be reduced to a common biological denominator. Historical determinism,
therefore, does not exclude freedom of will. As a matter of fact, human will is
the most powerful determining factor. Otherwise, there would be no room for
revolutions in a rationally determined process of history. The rational and
scientific concept of determinism is not to be confused with the teleological
or religious doctrine of predestination.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Kartika; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Thesis Five</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Kartika; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">The economic interpretation of history is deduced
from a wrong interpretation of materialism. It implies dualism, whereas
materialism is a monistic philosophy. History is a determined process: but
there are more than one causative factors. </span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">H</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Kartika; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">uman will is one of them, and it cannot
always be referred directly to any economic incentive.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Kartika; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Thesis Six</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Kartika; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Ideation is a physiological process resulting
from the awareness of environment. But once they are formed, ideas exist by
themselves, governed by their own laws. The dynamics of ideas run parallel to
the process of social evolution, the two influencing each other mutually. But
in no particular point of the process of the integral human evolution, can a
direct causal relation be established between historical events and the
movement of ideas (‘ideas’ is here used in the common philosophical sense of ideology
or system of ideas). Cultural patterns and ethical values are not mere
ideological superstructures of established economic relations. They are also
historically determined – by the logic of the history of ideas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Kartika; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Thesis Seven </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Kartika; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Fo</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">r </span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Kartika; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>creating a new world of freedom, revolution
must go beyond an economic reorganization of society. Freedom does not
necessarily follow from the capture of political power in the name of the
oppressed and exploited classes and abolition of private property in the means
of production.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Kartika; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Thesis Eight</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Kartika; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Communism or socialism may conceivably be the
means for the attainment of the goal of freedom. How far it can serve the
purpose, must be judged by experience. A political system and an economic
experiment, which subordinate the man of flesh and blood to an imaginary
collective ego, be it the nation or a class, cannot possibly be the suitable
means for the attainment of the goal of freedom. On the one hand, it is absurd
to argue that negation of freedom will lead to freedom, and, on the other hand,
it is not freedom to sacrifice the individual at the altar of an imaginary
collective ego. Any social philosophy or scheme of social reconstruction, which
does not recognize the sovereignty of the individual, and dismiss the ideal of
freedom as an empty abstraction, can have no more than a very limited
progressive and revolutionary significance.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Kartika; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Thesis Nine</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Kartika; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">The state being the political organization of
society, it’s withering away under communism is a utopia which has been
exploded by experience. Planned economy as the basis of socialized industries
presupposes a powerful political machinery. Democratic control of that
machinery alone can guarantee freedom under the new order. Planning of
production for use is possible on the basis of political democracy and
individual freedom.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Kartika; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Thesis Ten</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Kartika; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">State ownership
and planned economy do not by themselves end exploitation of labour:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>nor do they necessarily lead to an equal
distribution of wealth. Economic democracy is no more possible in the absence
of political democracy than the latter is in the absence of the former.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Kartika; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Thesis Eleven</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Kartika; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Dictatorship
tends to perpetuate itself. Planned economy under political dictatorship
disregards individual freedom on the pleas of efficiency, collective effort and
social progress. Consequently, a higher form of democracy in the socialist
society, as it is conceived at present, becomes an impossibility. Dictatorship
defeats its professed end.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Kartika; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Thesis Twelve</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Kartika; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">The defects of
formal parliamentary democracy have also been exposed in experience. They
result from the delegation of power. To make democracy effective, power must
always remain vested in the people, and there must be ways and means for the
people to wield the sovereign power effectively, not periodically, but from day
to day. Atomised individual citizens are powerless for all practical purposes,
and most of the time. They have no means to exercise their sovereignty and to wield
a standing </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Kartika; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">control of the State machinery. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Kartika; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Thesis Thirteen</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Kartika; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Liberalism is
falsified or parodied under formal parliamentary democracy. The doctrine of
laissez faire only provides the legal sanction to the exploitation of man by
man. The concept of economic man negativates the liberating doctrine of
individualism. The economic man is bound to be slave or a slave holder.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The vulgar concept must be replaced by the
reality of an instinctively rational being who is moral because he is rational.
Morality is an appeal to conscience, and conscience is the instinctive
awareness of, and reaction to, environment. It is a mechanistic biological
function on the level of consciousness. Therefore, it is rational.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Kartika; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Thesis Fourteen</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Kartika; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">The alternative to parliamentary democracy is not
dictatorship; it is organized democracy, in the place of the formal democracy
of powerless atomized individual citizens. The parliament should be the apex of
a pyramidal structure of the State reared on the base of an organized democracy
composed of a countrywide network of people’s committees. The political
organization of society (the State) will be coincident with the entire society,
and consequently the State will be under a standing democratic control.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Kartika; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Thesis Fifteen</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Kartika; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">The function of a revolutionary and liberating
social philosophy is to lay emphasis on the basic fact of history that man is
the maker of his world – man as a thinking being, and he can be so only as an
individual. The brain is a means of production, and produces the most
revolutionary commodity. Revolutions presuppose iconoclastic ideas. An
increasingly large number of men, conscious of their creative power, motivated
by the indomitable will to remake the world, moved by the adventure of ideas,
and fired with the ideal of a free society of free men, can create the
conditions under which democracy will be </span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">possible.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Kartika; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Thesis Sixteen</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Kartika; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">The method and
programme of social revolution must be based on a reassertion of the basic
principle of social progress. A social renaissance can come only through
determined and wide-spread endeavour to educate the people as regards the
principles of freedom and rational co-operative living. The people will be
organized into effective democratic bodies to build up the socio-political
foundation of the post-revolutionary order. Social revolution requires in
rapidly increasing number, men of new renaissance, and a rapidly expanding
system of people’s committees: and an organic co-ordination of both. The
programme of revolution will similarly be based on the principle of freedom,
reason, and social harmony. It will mean elimination of every form of monopoly
and vested interest in the regulation of social life.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Kartika; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Thesis Seventeen</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Kartika; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Radical democracy
presupposes economic reorganization of society so as to eliminate the
possibility of exploitation of man by man. Progressive satisfaction of material
necessities is the precondition for the individual members of society unfolding
their intellectual and other finer human potentialities. An economic reorganization,
such as will guarantee a progressively rising standard of living, is the
foundation of the radical democratic state. Economic liberation of the masses
is an essential condition for their advancing towards the goal of freedom.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Kartika; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Thesis Eighteen</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Kartika; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">The economy of
the new social order will be based on production for use and distribution with
reference to human needs. Its political organization excludes delegation of
power, which in practice deprives the people of effective power; it will be
based on the direct participation of the entire population through the people’s
committees. Its culture will be based on universal dissemination of knowledge
and on minimum control and maximum scope for, and incentive to, scientific and
creative activities. The new society, being founded on reason and science, will
necessarily be planned. But it will be planning with the freedom of the
individual as its main purpose. The new society will be democratic –
politically, economically as well as culturally. Consequently, it will be a
democracy which can defend itself.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Kartika; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Thesis Nineteen</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Kartika; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">The ideal of
democracy will be attained through the collective efforts of spiritually free men
united in the determination of creating a world of freedom. They will function
as the guides, friends and philosophers of the people rather than as their
would-be rulers. Consistently with the goal of freedom, their political
practice will be rational and therefore ethical. Their effort will be
reinforced by the growth of the people’s will to freedom. Ultimately, the
radical democratic state will rise with the support of enlightened public
opinion as well as intelligent action of the people. Realising that freedom is
inconsistent with concentration of power, radical democrats will aim at the
widest diffusion of power.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Kartika; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Thesis Twenty</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Kartika; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">In the last
analysis, education of the citizens is the condition for such a reorganization
of society as will be conducive to common progress and prosperity without
encroaching upon the freedom of the individual. The people’s committees will be
the schools for the political and civic education of the citizen. The structure
and function of the radical democratic state will enable detached individuals
to come to the forefront of public affairs. Manned with such individuals the State
machinery will cease to be the instrument in the hands of any particular class
to coerce others. Only spiritually free individuals in power can smash all
chains of slavery and usher in freedom for all.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Kartika; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Thesis Twenty-One</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Kartika; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Radicalism
integrates science into social organization and reconciles individuality with
collective life; it gives to freedom a moral, intellectual as well as a social
content: It offers a comprehensive theory of social progress in which both the
dialectics of economic determinism and dynamics of ideas find their due
recognition; and it deduces from the same a method and a programme o</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Kartika; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">f
social revolution in our time. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Kartika; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Thesis Twenty-Two</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Kartika; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Radicalism starts
from the dictum that “Man is the measure of everything” (Protagoras) or “Man is
the root of mankind” (Marx), and advocates reconstruction of the world as a
commonwealth and fraternity of free men, by the collective endeavour of
spiritually emancipated moral men.</span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Kartika; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><br /></span>
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Kartika; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><br /></span>
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Kartika; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><br /></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">* <i>Though he
himself did not elaborate Thesis by Thesis, some books are available which try
to explain the important aspects as well as help clarify possible ambiguities:</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">a. Prof.
R.L.Nigam’s ‘Radical Humanism of M.N.Roy </span>An Exposition of his <span style="font-size: small;">b.</span> 22 Theses,
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Indus Publishing Company, New
Delhi, 1988,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">c. Justice VM
Tarkunde’s book on Radial Humanism</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-size: small;">d.</span> </span>G.D.Parikh’s <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>‘Essence of Royism’ are
important.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">e. ‘New Orientation’ </span></div>
</h2>
<h2 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 13.2pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> and </span></h2>
<h2 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 13.2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;">f.</span> ‘Beyond Communism’</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> are</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> some of the most important books for understanding this
philosophy.</span></i></div>
</h2>
<h2 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 13.2pt;">
</h2>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<h2 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 13.2pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #555555;"> </span></span></span></h2>
<h2 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 13.2pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #555555;"> </span></span></span></h2>
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<span style="font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span><br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12733864857487802245noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1851624090790928573.post-55716605745026129332014-01-04T23:02:00.000+05:302014-01-04T23:02:05.410+05:30Notes on Certain Aspects of the Structure of Modern Humanist Thought - 1<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Naturalism, Scientific Temper and Humanism</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">When we talk of Humanism, the term today carries with
it certain implications- philosophical, scientific, sociological and ethical.
Life demands from us some sort of a world view whether we are aware of it or
not. Those with scientific outlook insist that we rid ourselves of all sorts of
mysticism. The world view of a truly scientific person will be Naturalism.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Naturalism </span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">seeks to explain everything related to the universe –
events, phenomena, our life, thoughts and emotions – in terms of natural causes
and effects. It rejects belief in mystical and supernatural entities, beings,
or forces. By nature is meant the sum total of everything in the universe. The
universe exists without a beginning, purpose or final cause; i.e. it is
self-existent.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Naturalism
asserts that the external world we live in objectively exists. The thinking
person is a part of this world. Neither the person nor the world is an
illusion. Since man is part of nature, his ideas, dreams, emotions etc also
belong to nature.</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Knowledge is
gained by the aid of sense perception. We formulate laws of nature by studying
the order and regularity manifested in nature. Prayers or sacrifices cannot
break or transform the laws of nature. This naturalist position enables the
scientist and the philosopher to establish cause-effect relationship and
enhances the possibility for further enquiry at every step in the scientific investigation.
Since there is no place for mysticism, all experiences which are extra-ordinary
and attributed to supernaturalism must be put to scientific investigation. It
is only by such endeavour that our knowledge of the physical world increases.
In this pursuit, curiosity acts as a motivating factor. Doubt and scepticism
prevent us from falling into blind faith and supernaturalism. Knowledge gained
in this way enables us to better utilize the resources in nature and make our
life happier. Supernaturalism, by proposing false hypotheses and explanations,
puts stumbling blocks in the path of progress. The humanist admonition to
escape from superstitions has a strong ethical foundation. We propagate
Naturalism and the Scientific Outlook so as to make this world a better place
to live in.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
Naturalist strain in human thought goes far back in history. Some sort of
proto-naturalism existed in the Indian sub continent during the Vedic Period (</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1400-1000 B.C</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.). (1). It is known as ‘Swabhava Vada’.
Compared to the level of knowledge we have acquired since then, these heretics
were quite poor in intellectual resources in every respect. Yet they were
skeptical about the reality of a God. In the period of the Upanishads (</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">800 - 600 B.C.), </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">thinkers proposed various views. The
method of scientific experimentation as we know today was non- existent. Even
with such shortcomings, they speculated a world that evolved out of primeval
matter. M.N.Roy (a</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">
staunch Atheist, he is one of the founders of International Humanist and
Ethical Union: </span><a href="http://www.iheu.org/"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">www.iheu.org</span></a><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> ) </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">was quite eloquent
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“ The students of ancient history
and thought, Indian as well as European, know that, barring the period of
ancient Greek learning, India developed a greater volume of materialist,
rationalist, scientific thought than was done by the pioneers of European
civilization. When we come out of the Vedic era and read the Upanishads, which
contain the foundation of Indian philosophy, we find not only rationalism,
naturalism and agnosticism, but also out and out atheism and materialism. One
of the eighteen main Upanishads is entirely devoted to a very brilliant
exposition of rationalist and naturalist thinking and most outspoken heretical
views. It denies the existence of God and soul; it holds that nothing but
matter exists, and that there is no other world beyond this world. Its theses
can be summarised as follows:</span></div>
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are the rulers of things, and take no account of virtue or vice, in awarding
happiness or misery to men; people deluded by flowery speeches, cling to God’s
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<![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: ML; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">(Swasanvedyopanishad,
Eliot II, p. 322.) </span> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In the same Upanishad, one reads the story of Virochana, who
for years studied at the feet of Prajapati himself, and learned Brahmavidya.
Thereafter, on returning to earth, he preached: </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>One’s self is to be made happy here on earth. One’s
self is to be waited upon. He, who makes himself happy here on earth, obtains both
worlds, this and the next.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In Chhandogya Upanishad, orthodox Brahmans are compared with
“a procession of dogs, each holding the tail of his predecessor and chanting
piously ‘ Om, let us eat; Om let us drink.’ ” ( I, p. 12 )</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The origin of the naturalist and sceptic thought developed in
some of the major Upanishads, indeed can be traced even in the Rig veda, for
instance, in the Creation Hymn which concludes the dialogue between the parents
of mankind- the twin brother and sister, Yama and yami.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The Ramayana records the story of Jabali- the sceptic and
sophist who questioned faith and scriptural laws. The Mahabharata also
denounces “doubters and atheists who deny the reality of souls.” They” wander
over the whole earth”; they were “rationalists, critics of the Vedas, revilers
of Brahmans.” The Gita also refers to heretics “who deny the existence of God.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Finally, of the six systems of Indian philosophy, at least
three are out and out rationalist, and those three have the greater
significance. While the Sankhyas expounded atheistic naturalism, the Vaisheshik
and Nyaya system tended clearly towards materialism. That very significant
evolution of thought, out of the background of the Vedic religion and
Upanishadic metaphysical speculation, in the fullness of time, ushered in the
Golden Age of India, if there ever was one, that is the Buddhist period. The
later Upanishads and earlier Buddhist literature are full of references to
“heretics, atheists and materialists.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It is recorded that, when Buddha was a young man, the great
halls and vast forests of Northern India were echoing the powerful voice
denying the divine origin of the Vedas and the authority of the Brahmans, and
preaching agnosticism, atheism and materialism. And it was during the several
centuries of the Buddhist era that India really attained a very high level of
material and moral culture.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>But the long process of the development of naturalist,
rationalist, sceptic, agnostic and materialist thought in ancient India found
culmination in the Charvaka system of philosophy, which can be compared with
Greek Epicureanism, and as such, is to be appreciated as the positive outcome
of the intellectual culture of ancient India. That precious heritage,
unfortunately, has come down to us only in small fragments, which, pieced
together painstakingly, give a general idea of the system. But there is a hope
of rescuing the whole of it thanks to the recorded vehemence and thoroughness
of its orthodox opponents who almost succeeded in destroying all traces of it.
On the basis of logical inferences from the arguments, used to combat the
Charvakas, the entire system can be reconstructed. That is perhaps the basic
task of Indian Renaissance. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The greatest of the “Paribrajakas” mentioned in the earliest
Buddhist literature, those Sophists and Stoics of ancient India, was one Brihaspathi.
He was the founder of Indian Epicureanism- The Charvaka System. The Brihaspathi
Sutras are referred to frequently in contemporary Buddhist and Brahmanical
texts. But only some remnants of the Sutras themselves survived the downfall of
Buddhism. From them we learn that Brihaspathi condemned Brahmans as “men devoid
of intellect and manliness, who uphold the authority of the Vedas because they
yield them the means of a comfortable livelihood.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The Charvakas laughed at the notion that the Vedas were
divinely revealed truth; they held that truth can never be known except through
the senses. Therefore, the idea of soul is a delusion. The Charvakas thus
anticipated the modern philosophical thought of ultra-empiricism. They held
that even reason was not to be trusted, because every inference depended for
its validity not only upon accurate observation and correct reasoning, but also
upon the assumption that the future would behave like the past, and of this
there was no certainty.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>That was anticipating modern agnosticism more than two
thousand years before Hume. But the Charvakas were not mere nihilists,
agnostics and sceptics. They developed an elaborate system of positive
philosophical thought: </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>All phenomena are natural. Neither in experience nor
in history do we find any interposition of supernatural forces. Matter is the
only reality; the mind is matter thinking. The hypothesis of a Creator is
useless for explaining or understanding the world. Men think religion necessary
only because, being accustomed to it, they feel a sense of loss and an
uncomfortable void when the growth of knowledge destroys faith. Morality is
natural; it is a social convention and convenience, not a divine command. There
is no need to control instincts and emotions; they are commands of nature. The
purpose of life is to live; and the only wisdom is happiness. (Humanism,
Revivalism and The Indian Heritage, Pp.15 to 18, Published: 1999)*</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Uddalaka Aruni – The First
</span><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Materialist</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> And Nature
Scientist</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The general understanding seems to be
that Thales of Miletus (sixth century BC- Greece) ‘took the first prodigious
step to global science’. On the basis of a part of the Chandogya Upanishad, Dr.
Debi Prasad Chattopadhyaya shows that Uddalaka Aruni of the clan of Gautama has
‘the honor of first opening the gates of natural science’. He was a learned
Brahmin of Kuru- Panchala, the heart land of Aryavarta culture. He considered
questions raised by direct observations more important than the mythical pronouncements
about pitryana and devayana- paths along which the departed soul moved. Asked
about atman, his answer was peculiar and remarkable:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The
king said to Uddalaka Aruni: “Gautama, whom do you revere as the atman?”</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">“The
earth, indeed, sir, Oh king,” said he.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The words Brahma or moksha
does not occur in his teachings. Sat (being) was the ultimate reality- a new
terminology coined by him.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">‘In
the beginning this world was just Being, one only, without a second’</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">[In
Chandogya Upanishad, an entire chapter (ch.vi) is devoted to his teachings. For
a detailed discussion of the importance of Uddalaka as also his method of
observation and experimental proof (as early as the 8<sup>th</sup> or 7<sup>th</sup>
century B.C.!) that differentiates Uddalaka from speculative thinkers like Yajnavalkya:
‘The Beginnings’, (Series: Global Philosophy for Every man),Debiprasad
Chattopadhyaya,Navakarnataka Publications Pvt. Ltd.,Bangalore, Karnataka.]</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Kartika; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Early philosophy was speculative in nature, though perhaps based on
observations. As we know, Modern Science is characterized by its efficiency to
prove or disprove hypotheses making use of experimental methods. By science we
mean organized form of acquired knowledge. Philosophy co-ordinates theoretical
laws of different branches of science into a general frame- work providing us
with the advantage of a world view. In the light of ever expanding knowledge,
we are bound to update on our previously adopted positions. In this sense,
propagating Charvaka’s views is not enough as far as modern day humanists are
concerned. We have to remember that all the heterodox views prevalent in
ancient India were stifled by the forces of Brahmanism for a very long period
in India. Then we witnessed an attempt at renaissance (Period of Buddhism) and then
a stronger counter tendency for revival of the Brahminic forces. Now we are
passing through a peculiar cultural climate in the subcontinent. To combat the
forces of darkness, we need to acquire the latest level of scientific
knowledge. In Hinduism, we are confronting not a religion dismissing science,
but one claiming to have within its store- house all the scientific knowledge
from the days of yore. Other religions have taken note of the propaganda value
of this sort of argument and lately are trying to follow suit. We are familiar
with the Modernist Muslim arguments. They would like to tell us that Qur’aan is
the most advanced scientific document. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Without tackling each religious force in the
most appropriate way for it, we will not be able to enlighten the masses.
Whether we like it or not, religious criticism comes up as something
unavoidable when we try to propagate the ideas of rationalism or scientific
temper among the people. It goes without saying that without educating the
masses free thinkers, rationalists and atheists will not be able to lead the
life of freedom they would very much like to. And what are we supposed to
propagate? Telling them that there is no Devil or God? That it is better for
them to eschew superstitions? Certainly we have to do these. To make them
understand that their present life on this earth is unique and they have to
make the most of it is, no doubt, of paramount importance. In certain
instances, such an approach as the preliminary step may not be suitable. Since
we have to succeed in our endeavor we must be pragmatic. Without properly
communicating with our immediate surroundings, how can we let others know that
they too can acquire treasures of knowledge? Unless we succeed in opening their
eyes, how can we make them understand that they too can travel on the roads to
freedom? It has nothing to do with</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Kartika; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> proselytizing</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Kartika; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> as practiced by
the fanatic religionists. To cheerfully live in a healthy society, we need a
philosophy for the times. Equipped with the most advanced philosophy based on
scientific outlook, we have to train the masses in Scientific Temper so as to
awaken in them the potentiality for rational thinking. That is how they will
realize their own creativity. That is the only way to make them eligible to
take part in developmental activities. Rational thinking alone will make them
moral and ethical. Certain Ideas which are familiar to some are liable to be
misconceived and fought against by others. Some people may consider our
attempts as prompted by evil designs. It is quite natural that our ideas are strange
to many others. Great ideas may be easily conceivable as far as the educated
people are concerned. There is need to exert great effort when we consider the
plight of the common man. Communication and education might bridge most of the
gaps in the realm of ideas. There has been a continuous evolution and
development in our ideas and concepts parallel to the material development.
Therefore, to approach the masses in a big way for the successful execution of
a project of Enlightenment, the educators will have to understand the important
turning points in the history of ideas.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">One of the most important tasks is spreading Scientific Outlook. For a
humanist culture to develop, the vast majority of the people must lead a life
informed of Scientific Temper.</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"></span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Nature is vast and infinite. This means that our knowledge about this
universe has necessarily to grow further and further. There is no end to such
an expansion of the frontiers of knowledge. Naturalists are not shy to admit
that there may be questions to which ready- made answers cannot be given at a
particular point of time. However, they do not stop enquiry with an
unsatisfactory explanation. In fact, Naturalism prompts continuous search for
answers.</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"></span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">As probable explanations we may formulate hypotheses. But these will
have to be tested repeatedly under different conditions. Untenable hypotheses
are rejected. Results of experiments which bestow strong evidences we agree
upon are confirmed as theories. The scientific method is based on the law of
cause and effect. Every event in the universe is the result of some
preceding causes and the same phenomena will result under similar conditions.
This is the simple description of the scientific method which the Naturalists
adopt to unfold the secrets of nature. Scientific method is not confined to the
laboratory alone.<span style="font-size: large;"> One of the dark areas where this method is objected or
suppressed is that of religion. The religious establishment is known to oppose
enquiries of this kind. Religion may provide you with a certain number of
dogmas. But their nature defies validity since scientific experimentation is
either forbidden or out of the question. Believers rely on blind faith. No
believer ascertains the truth value of his dogmas. Hence this area remains the
darkest.</span></span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: large;">Humanists promote scepticism and scientific temper in place of blind
faith and religiosity. In their endeavour to dispel darkness, Rationalists and
Humanists engage themselves in educating the individual. They do not act as
saviours. Instead, they shed light in to the recesses of creativity thus
bringing out the potential of the individual, instilling confidence and
optimism in life.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";">If there is anything self- existent and self – explanatory, it is nature
itself.</span></b></span><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
(to be continued)<br />
<br />
<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12733864857487802245noreply@blogger.com0